Question- Allocating subnets from a block

An ISP grantsto a client a block of addresses starting with the address 139.145.56.0/23.

a) Calculate the total number of addresses available in this block including all the special addresses. Show your calculation

b) The client decides to allocate the available addresses to 3 planned subnets according to current needs. The plan also called for reserving a subnet block of at least 200 host-ID's for future needs, and to have no unallocated blocks left over at the end.

Subnet-1 - needs a minimum of 25 host ID's
Subnet-2 - needs a minimum of 60 host ID's
Subnet-3 - needs a minimum of 100 host ID's
Reserved subnet block - a minimum of 200 host ID's

Create the required subnets, each should include all special addresses. For each subnet, list the subnet address, the last address, and the subnet prefix in CIDR format. Show your calculations for all subnets, that is briefly showing how you arrived at the sub-block addresses.

Question - Fragmentation

An IP datagram 5,000 bytes long (including header with no options) arrives at a router, which determines that the next destination has an MTU of 1,500 bytes. Answer the following questions, showing your calculations and reasoning.

a) Assuming that the router decides to fragment the packet into 4 fragments, for each fragment, determine a correct size, and identify the starting byte and ending byte

b) Calculate the fragmentation offset for each fragment
c) The total number of bytes from all 4 fragments leaving the router should be greater than the initial datagram size that arrived. Explain why this is so

Question

a) What is the type of block of the abbreviated IPv6 address
4001:A100:FC1::AE12:5329:FBCA?

b) Consider this IPv6 address:0::138.76.155.7 What type of block address is this, and when is this type used?