Q1. Illustrate the principal difference between the synchronous and asynchronous communication?

Q2. Distinguish between the RZ and Bi-phase encoding schemes.

Q3. Why must CSMA based protocol encompass minimum frame size? prepare down at least two reasons.

Q4. describe why must maximum windows size 2^m -1 is or less instead of 2^m in sliding-window protocol, where m is number of bits representing the sequence number? Describe.

Q5. prepare down the four benefits of hierarchical routing.

Q6. Assume that an old SYN segment from station A arrives at the station B, requesting for TCP connection. Describe how the three-way handshake procedure makes sure that the connection is refused.

Q7. describe how does symmetric key cryptography distinct from the asymmetric key cryptography? As well prepare merits of former over the latter.