Dsigners of UNIX password algorithm used 12-bit salt to perturb first and third sets of 12 entries in E-table of UNIX hashing function (the DES). Let system with 224 users. Suppose that each user is allotted salt from uniform random distribution and that anyone can read password hashes and salts for users.

Determine the expected time to find all users' passwords using dictionary attack?

suppose that eight more characters were added to password and that DES algorithm was changed so as to use all 16 password characters. Determine expected time to find all users' passwords using dictionary attack?

Suppose that passwords were eight characters long but that salt length was increased to 24 bits. Again, salts (and corresponding algorithms) are known to all users. What would be expected time to find all users' passwords using dictionary attack?"