Describe multicasting. Describe how Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) improves efficiency of MAC-to-IP address mappings.
In IPv4 addressing, eight bits have 256 possible combinations. Only the numbers 1 through 254 can be used to identify networks and hosts in an IP address. Explain what the number 0 and the number 255 are used for in IPv4 addressing. In IPv4 addressing, explain what is special about an address containing 127 in the first octet and how this address is used in troubleshooting. Describe the size differences in IPv4 and
IPv6 IP addresses. Explain the rules that are used for compacting IPv6 addresses.
Explain one way in which the BOOT and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) are similar. Then describe two ways in which they are different.
Briefly explain how CSMA/CD works. Explain the 5-4-3 rule of networking. Within an Ethernet frame, describe the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field and explain how it is used to make the header. Within an Ethernet frame, describe what happens if fewer than 46 bytes of data are supplied by the higher layers. Briefly describe the Ethernet sub-network access protocol (SNAP) frame type. Include an explanation of the drawback that keeps it from being implemented on networks instead of Ethernet_II frames.
Explain how to calculate a host's network ID given its IPv4 address and subnet mask. Describe the formula determining how to modify a default subnet mask to create subnets. If sub netting is used on a LAN, explain how devices Interpret sub netting information. Explain how hiding IP addresses on private networks allows network managers more flexibility in assigning addresses.
Explain how the trace route utility uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo requests to trace the path from one networked node to another, identifying all intermediate hops between the two nodes. Provide an example trace route result. Explain what happens when an administrator issues the mtr command. Describe the function of the route utility and provide examples of how it is entered on a UNIX or Linux system, a Windows-based system, and a Cisco-brand router.