Please answer the following questions in complete sentences. Your answer for each question should be about 150 words.

1. Define short-term scheduler and long-term scheduler, and explain the main differences between them.

2. Explain the concept of a context switch.

3. Explain the terms at most once and exactly once, and indicate how these terms relate to remote procedure calls.

4. Identify and briefly explain each of the four major categories of benefits of multithreaded programming.

5. Briefly describe the benefits and challenges for multithreaded programming that are presented by multicore systems.

6. Define coarse-grained multithreading and fine-grained multithreading, and explain their differences.

7. Explain process starvation and how aging can be used to prevent it.

8. How does the dispatcher determine the order of thread execution in Windows?

9. Define critical section, and explain two general approaches for handling critical sections in operating systems.

10. Describe the dining-philosophers problem, and explain how it relates to operating systems.

11. Define the two-phase locking protocol.

12. Describe how an adaptive mutex functions.

13. Describe a scenario in which the use of a reader-writer lock is more appropriate than using another synchronization tool, such as a semaphore.

14. What is the difference between deadlock prevention and deadlock avoidance?

15. Describe a wait-for graph, and explain how it detects deadlock.

16. Describe how a safe state ensures that deadlock will be avoided.