1. Consider a TCP/IP stack in which the Application layer generates messages that are 1000 Bytes in size,the Transport layer adds a header that is 20 Bytes in size, the Internet layer adds a header that is 20 Bytes in size and the Network layer adds a header (14 Bytes) and a trailer (4 Bytes). What is the percentage of overhead due to headers and trailers? 
2.
Consider a simple network that is composed of two computers (A & B) and a router X in the middle.
Computer A is connected to router X by a link that is 10 Mbps and has a propagation delay of 10 msec.
Computer B is connected to router X by a link that is 1000 KBps and has a propagation delay of 20 msec.
Answer the following problems :
(a) What is the maximum rate at which computers A and B can communicate, via router X? (your answer should be in Mbps)
(b) What is the physical distance between router X and computer B? Assume that the propagation speed of bits in the medium is 2
3 the speed of light in vacuum. (your answer should be in Km)
(c) Assume at time 0, computer A starts transmitting a 1500 Byte packet to computer B via X, how long would it take until computer B fully receives that packet? Assume that router X, would have to wait for the whole packet to arrive before it can send it out to computer B.
(d) Assume that router X does not need to wait for the whole packet to arrive before it can send it out,but it can start sending it out as soon as the first bit arrives, how would this assumption effect your answer above? Do you think this assumption is realistic? describe why or why not?
(e) Assume router X can buffer at most 100 packets (each of size 1500 Bytes) and assume computer A is sending packets to computer B, via router X at the maximum line speed between Computer A and router X (i.e., 10 Mbps), how long would take before X would start dropping packets?
(f) Assume router X was taken over by an adversary, who intentionally drops p% of the packets arriving, before they can be queued? What is the smallest value of p that would remove the need for a buffer at router X?
(g) In order to increase the carrying capacity (number of bits on the wire) of this simple network, you are asked to compare between two propositions. The first proposition suggested to increase the bandwidth of the link between computer A and router X to 12 Mbps. The second suggested to increase the propagation delay between router X and computer B to 25 msec. Which one of these two propositions would increase the carrying capacity more?