1. Diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the bodys defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly, and attack the body's own tissues.
A. Cancerous
B. Septic
C. Autoimmune
D. Nondiscrete

2. Which of the following determines genetic sex (male or female) in mammals?
A. the acrosome of the sperm
B. the temperature of the developing fetus
C. the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
D. the genetic makeup of the parents
E. the Y chromosome contained in the egg

3. Which of the following regarding antigens is true?
A. Antigens can only be recognized by their specificity.
B. An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response.
C. A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes, each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response.
D. The most effective antigen are small simple amino acid complexes.
E. Bacteria do not contain antigens.

4. All of the following are defense mechanism employed by vertebrates except

A. negative test, as in, not finding self-markers.

B. change in chromosomal composition

C. positive test to recognize presence of nonself-markers

D. specific antibodies.

E. skin and mucous membranes as barriers.

5. The immune system depends on the function of ______, which include several types of phagocytic cells and two kinds of lymphocytes.

A. platelets

B. leukocytes

C. target cells

D. erythrocytes

6. In comparing the kidneys of marine and freshwater fish, which of the following is not true?

A. Freshwater fish fluids have a greater osmotic concentration.

B. Marine fish excrete many of the divalent cations through the anus.

C. The flow of the filtrate is faster in marine fish.

D. The urine is less concentrated in freshwater fish.

E. Marine fish drink greater quantities of water.

7. The kidneys of which one of the following are so highly efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

A. desert lizard

B. camel

C. pocket moue Perognathus

D. kangaroo rat

E. gerbil

8. Select the incorrect statement regarding the temperature of the immune system.

A. Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen, which can cause the neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature, producing a fever.

B. Fevers cause the liver and spleen to store sodium and potassium which bacteria need for their growth and metabolism.

C. Fevers above 105 ° F can be fatal.

D. Fever contributes to the body's defenses by stimulating phagocytosis.

E. When macrophages encounter invading cells, they release interleukin-1, which is carried to the brain by the circulatory system.

9. Which of the following is not a mechanism to prevent polyspermy?

A. change in membrane otential of egg

B. vitelline envelopes lift off surface of egg

C. sperm nuclei degraded inside egg allowing one to fuse

D. cortical granule enzymes remove sperm receptors from egg

E. altering composition of exterior egg coat

10. Which of the following cells have an incorrect function?

A. neutrophil---important antigen presenting cell

B. eosinophil---important to the elimination of parasites

C. mast cell---releases histamine

D. macrophage---phagocytic cell

E. monocyte---precursor of macrophage

11. Which part of the antibody molecule determines its role in the immune response?

A. disulfide chains

B. the entire molecule

C. the stem of the Y

D. the heavy chains

E. two arms of the Y

12. Select the incorrectly matched immunoglobin (Ig)subclass and a fact about it.

A. IgG---found in the plasma and secreted in secondary response

B. IgM---first secreted during primary response

C. IgE----promotes the release of histamine

D. IgA----found in saliva and motherâ€^TMs milk

E. IgD----serve as receptors on the surfaces of T cells

13. _______ are the source of antibody-producing cells.

A. B cells

B. Plasma cells

C. Monocytes

D. Macrophages

E. T cells

14. Select the incorrect statement regarding the inflammatory response.

A. The alarm signals can be histamines or prostaglandins.

B. The inflammation response is a localized specific response to infection or injury.

C. Neutrophils spill chemical in the area of injury or infection that kills bacteria, tissues, and themselves.

D. Tissue can exhibit edema from the dilation of the blood vessels in the area of injury or infection.

E. If a cell is injured or infected, it releases chemical alarm signals that promote dilation of blood vessels at the injury site.

15. Reproduction in reptiles compares to reproduction in birds in that

A. both newly hatched birds and reptiles require parental care.

B. the eggs of both birds and reptiles have protective shells.

C. birds are oviparous, reptiles are ovoviviparous.

D. both exhibit external fertilization.

E. male or female reptiles reproduce asexually; birds do not.

16. ______diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the bodyâ€^TMs defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly, and attack the bodyâ€^TMs own tissues.

A. Cancerous

B. Septic

C. Autoimmune

D. Nondiscrete

17. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. This means that

A. the osmolality of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.

B. the osmolality of their body fluids fluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on the season and the tides.

C. the osmolality of their body fluids is not the same as their seawater environment

D. the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment and that their bodies contain the same solutes as their surroundings

E. the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment

18. Which of the following determines genetic (male or female) in mammals?

A. the acrosome of the sperm

B. the temperature of the developing fetus

C. the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

D. the genetic makeup of the parents

E. the Y chromosome contained in the egg