What is the rate limiting factor in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

Starch is broken down by an Enzyme produced by which TWO (2) structures?

TRUE or FALSE: Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells of the Stomach secrete Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Intrinsic Factor (IF); whereas Chief (Peptic) Cells of the Stomach secrete Pepsinogen, which is converted to Pepsin by Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) released by the Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells.

TRUE or FALSE: Enterokinase is proteolytic enzyme found embedded in the luminal Plasma Membrane of Intestinal Epithelial cells that splits off a peptide from pancreatic Trypsinogen, forming the active enzyme Trypsin; and Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that activates other pancreatic zymogens by splitting off peptide fragments.

TRUE or FALSE: The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates motility by increasing the tone of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles, except for the Sphincter Muscles; whereas the Parasympathetic Nervous System inhibits motility by decreasing peristalsis and increasing the tone of the Sphincter Muscles.

TRUE or FALSE: Contraction of the outer Longitudinal Muscle of the Muscularis Externa decreases the diameter of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) lumen for mixing luminal contents; whereas contraction of the inner Circular Muscle moves luminal contents along the Gastrointestinal Tract.

What is the main function of pancreatic Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and what Hormone is responsible for its secretion from the Pancreas?

What is the major stimulus for Cholecystokinin (CCK) release from the Small Intestine, and what TWO (2) organs does Cholecystokinin (CCK) ultimately act upon?

What is primarily absorbed by the Large Intestine and what is mainly secreted by the Large Intestine?

Name the SIX (6) major ingredients that compose Bile.

Describe the control of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) secretion by the Stomach in terms of the stimuli arising from the Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal Phases.

What Hormone is responsible for Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) secretion, and what Hormone is responsible for the inhibition of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) secretion?

What effect does an increased Protein content of food entering the Stomach have on Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) secretion, and why?