What are the advantages of using optical coupling in electrical circuits? For optical coupling, diodes that emit infrared radiation are often preferred over light emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit visible light. What are the reasons behind this? Discuss why pulse-modulated light (or pulse-modulated radiation) is used in many types of optical systems. List several advantages and disadvantages of laser-based optical systems
The Young's modulus of a material with known density can be determined by measuring the frequency of the fundamental mode of transverse vibration of a uniform cantilever beam specimen of the material. A photosensor and a timer can be used for this measurement. Describe an experimental setup for this method of determining the modulus of elasticity.