Study Guide Ch 6-12

How is heat is stored and released in the ocean ?

How does Liquid water's heat capacity compare to other substances?

The relationship between the temperature (or salinity) of a substance and its density is represented by a curve based on what?

As heat is removed from a substance and it moves from a gas phase to a liquid phase, and subsequently a solid phase, they become more dense. How does water behave?

When water freezes, the bond angle between the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms changes from about to .

How many calories of heat must be added to change a gram of ice to liquid water?

The ocean is stratified by density, and is mainly a function of what?

What characteristics define the pycnocline?

The bending of waves such as when light and sound leave a medium of one density and enters a medium of a different density is called?

How does sound can travel through water compared to light ?

The thin film of sunlit water at the top of the surface zone is called what?

Which wavelength of the visible spectrum of light is most quickly absorbed in the top meter of the ocean?

From above, clear ocean water looks what colorbecause this wavelength of light can travel through water far enough to scatter back through the surface?

What is know about the minimum velocity layer?

Water's dissolving power results from what?

Describe the polar nature of water at each end.

What type of strong bond holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atoms in water?

What type of weak bond holds water molecules close together?

Cohesion is a property of water that gives water characteristic?

What is defined as the measurement of the energy produced by the random vibrations of atoms or molecules?

What is defined as an object's response to input or removal of heat?

How is temperature measured?

How is heat measured?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. How much heat must be added to 1 gram of solid ice at 0° C to change it to liquid water at 0° C?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. How much must be added to 1 gram of liquid water at 100° C to change the water to vapor at 100° C?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. How many calories total need to be added to 1 gram of solid ice at 0° C to 1 gram of water vapor at 100° C?

Why do the equatorial regions have lower salinity that the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn to the north and the south of the equator?

How does salinity change as you travel from the equator toward the poles?

What causes density of the ocean to increase?

What areas lack a thermocline?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. What is the salinity of water with 0° C and 1.029 g/cm3?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. What is the density of water that has a salinity of 350/00 ?

Use the figure above to answer the following question. What are the characteristics of a water sample that has a density of 1.027 g/cm3 ?

What percentage of the ocean is contained in the surface zone? The pyncocline? The Deep Ocean?

The speed of light in water is ¾ of the speed in light of air. This has what affect on ocean water?

Which wavelength of the visible spectrum of light transmits most efficiently?

Where does the photic zone the penetrate the deepest on average?

The area of the ocean that lacks light is called?

Why does sound travel efficiently at minimum sound velocity in the Sofar Layer?

Water dissolves sodium chloride (or NaCl), the most common salt, into it's constituent ions:

What is the measurement of Seawater's total dissolved inorganic solids?

By weight, seawater is about water, and dissolved substances, most of which are salts of various kinds.

Which of the following is the SECOND most abundant ion in seawater?

How do ions get added to seawater:

How areions are removed from the ocean?

Which of the following is false regarding the Forschhammers Principle?

is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere and the ocean.

The photosynthetic activity of marine plants and phytoplankton cause what changes to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the surface and at depth? :

The ocean has been becoming more acidic as a result of what human activities?

What is the pH of Seawater?

Which is a better buffer, the ocean or freshwater lakes.

What happens when the ocean becomes more acidic?

If salinity in a seawater sample changes from 320/00 to 360/00 what happens to the density of the sample?

If the temperature in a seawater sample changes from 4° C to 20° C, what happens to the density of the sample?

What area of the ocean has the most pronounced thermocline?

Why is water is both cohesive and adhesive?

What is the most abundant gas in the ocean?

Ions dissolved in seawater in very small quantities, for example Gold, measured at the parts per billion ppb quantity is considered what type of element?

When added to ocean, what gas causes the pH to lower?

What organisms are most heavily impacted by ocean acidification?

Marine snow that consists primarily of what composition will dissolve below the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD).

What is the heat capacity of pure liquid water?

Why is the sand at the beach hotter than the ocean water on a hot summer day?

has the capability of absorbing and releasing heat with very little change in temperature.

What is water's latent heat of vaporization?

What is water's latent heat of fusion?

The temperature of the ocean is highest at the regions of the ocean and lowest at the regions of the ocean.

The halocline is best described as:

The thermocline is best described as:

What visible spectrum of light is transmitted least/most efficiently in the ocean?

What happens to the speed of sound in the ocean?

When considering seawater as a solution, what component is the solvent, and what component is the solute?

The total quantity of dissolved inorganic solids in water is called what?

The ratio major dissolved solids in the ocean stays constant. This is best described by what principle?

How does water temperature of water affect it's ability to dissolve oxygen and nitrogen?

The ocean's ability to resist a change in pH makes the ocean what?

Seawater's colligative properties include what?

Which of the following represents ways that ions are removed from the ocean?

Chapter 8

The Earth's causes the seasons.

Global circulation of air is governed by what?

If a cannon is launched from San Francisco toward Russia, what direction would the cannonball deflect? And, what is this due to?

What is the tropical circulation cells of each hemisphere is called?

How many atmospheric circulation cells are there in the northern hemisphere?

At sea, there are areas of high atmospheric pressure and little surface wind where two Hadley cells converge, and occur near the equator are also known as _____.

The temperature and water content of air greatly influences it's density. How does the density compare with humid air versus dry air? Why?.

How does cold air compare to warm air with respect to holding water vapor?

Why doesn't the polar ocean freeze solid and the equatorial ocean boil away?

Masses of moving air account for about of the poleward transfer of heat while ocean currents move the other .

A pattern of wind circulation that changes with the season and the areas that experience these patterns are subject to wet summers and dry winters. What is this called?

An extra-tropical cyclone forms air mass(es), and a tropical cyclone forms air mass(es).

Chapter 9

What is thermohaline circulation?

What are transverse currents? Eastern Boundary Currents? Western Boundary Currents? Countercurrents? Undercurrents? What are their characteristics (width, speed, depth, temperature)??Be able to identify one on a figure.

How does the Coriolis effect influence the wind?

What are most surface currents driven by?

What are two types of wind induced vertical currents?

Because of the Coriolis effect, surface currents in the Northern Hemisphere flow what direction compared to the wind direction?

What is a gyre?

In Ekman transport, the direction of the net flow of water is what direction compared to wind direction (in the northern hemisphere).

Which gyre is NOT a geostrophic?

The Scilly Isles off the west coast of England have tropical plants as a result of what phenomenon?

What is upwelling? Downwelling?

What is Langmuir circulation?

During major ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) events, what happens to the sea level in the eastern Pacific.

What is being referred to as the "conveyor belt" with respect to ocean circulation?

Know where to find the following gyres on a map: North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Antarctic Circumpolar or West Wind Drift.

Be able to identify and label specific Eastern Boundary and Western Boundary Currents

Please use the graph above to determine water's greatest density? What happens to density as you move between the points? The highest density of water is what?

Chapter 10

1. What is a fully developed sea?

2What is a pycnocline?

3. How is a tsunami generated?

4. What is a dangerous consequence of Tsunamis that attracts people to explore further offshore.

5. What is wave period, wavelength, waveheight, period, frequency?

6. The abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by what type of storm is called storm surge?

7. How do you arrange wave types in order from smallest to longest wavelength?

8. Describe how water moves in orbital waves?

9. The vertical distance between a successive wave crest and wave trough is best described as what?

10. A wind wave of 30-meter wavelength will be considered a deep-water wave if it is passing through water that is greater than what depth?

11. The wave you surf on in California may have come from the middle of the Pacific. What has been transmitted across the ocean basin?

12. Define and understand wave refraction and diffraction.

13. Be able to determine deep water and shallow water waves.

14. Define capillary, wind, seiche, tsunami, and tidal waves.

15. What are the factors necessary to make really large wind waves?

16. How devastating was the Sumatran Tsunami of 2004? Japan Tsunami of 2011?

17. What is the restoring force for each type of waves?

18. What accounts for the movement of wind-driven surface currents?

19.Wind is the disturbing force for what type of waves?

20. Please refer to the diagram drawn below to answer what the wave height, wavelength, and if period is given what the wave velocity would be.

21. What is the relationship between the wavelength and it's velocity.

22. Using the table below be able to predict wave height give wind speed, fetch and wind duration.

23. What is a wave train?

24. How fast does a wave train move with respect to the individual waves in the train?

25. What is the ratio that waves will break in the open ocean?

26. What is swell?

27. How was the Great wave of 112 ft observed aboard the USS Ramapo measured?

28. Rogue waves are generated as a result of what?

29. Why is it that waves observed breaking on the shoreline appear as if they are breaking parallel to the shoreline?

30. What does the above picture depict?