SECTION A:

Question 1

Answer ALL parts of this question
a. Name a major transport system in mammals.
b. Briefly describe why transport systems are required especially in large animals.
c. List what the major functions of transport systems are.

Question 2

List the three main types of skeletons found in animals and briefly explain their major advantages or disadvantages (you may use a table for your answer).

Question 3

Answer TWO of the following five questions.
a. What is the function of a motor neuron?
b. Describe the basic structure of the vertebrate eye. (You may use a diagram.)
c. Name one of the glands in the human body that produces a hormone, name the hormone and briefly describe its function.
d. What is a "fixed action pattern" in the study of animal behaviour? Give an example.
e. Provide an evolutionary explanation for cooperative behaviour among animals of the same species.

Section B:

Question 4

Animals are ‘put together' in a variety of ways. Using appropriate diagrams, provide information about animal architecture under these two headings:
- pseudocoelomate and coelomate
- bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry

Question 5

Select either the phylum Annelida (earthworms, leeches, fanworms etc) OR the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms, flukes).

List the phylum characteristics of the selected group and provide brief comments on the diversity of the classes.

Question 6

In note form, indicate why insects are considered the most successful of all animal groups.

Section C:

Question 7

Answer ALL parts of this question
a. Draw a diagram showing the normal behaviour of a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
b. Explain how an abnormal meiosis can give lead to monosomy or trisomy.

Question 8

White coat colour in mice is determined by the recessive c allele and normal coat colour by the dominant C allele. A true-breeding white mouse was crossed with a true-breeding brown mouse.
a. What is the expected genotype and phenotype of the F1 progeny?
b. Draw a diagram showing the chromosomes of the F1 progeny after DNA replication.
c. What type of gametes do the F1 progeny produce?
d. What is the expected genotypic ratio in the F2?
e. What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2?

Question 9

Answer ALL parts of this question
a. Draw a simple diagram of a nucleotide and explain how nucleotides are joined together to form each strand of a DNA molecule.
b. Describe the role of tRNAs in translation.

Question 10
Answer ALL parts of this question
a. Briefly explain how you would go about attempting to produce human insulin in bacteria.
b. Describe one method used to create transgenic plants.

Section D

Circle the ONE best answer

11. Which cellular components are found as part of typical prokaryotic cells?
a. Nucleus.
b. Mitochondria.
c. Ribosomes
d. Endoplasmic reticulum
e. Chloroplasts

12. Which of the following are true regarding eukaryotic cells?
a. They are always found in multicellular organisms.
b. Bacteria are eukaryotes.
c. Eukaryotic cells evolved millions of years earlier than prokaryote cells.
d. Eukaryotic cells have a variety of membrane bound organelles.
e. The name eukaryote means "before nucleus."

13. The main function of Mitochondria is:
a. Energy transduction
b. Modification and export of proteins
c. Preventing osmotic lysis of the cell
d. Photosynthesis
e. Synthesis of protein

14. Which statement about protein synthesis is FALSE?
a. Proteins are made by ribosomes.
b. All ribosomes making protein are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
c. Proteins are sent in vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
d. The cytoskeleton is used to move vesicles in the secretory pathway.
e. Proteins made on the rough ER are coded for by DNA in the nucleus

15. Golgi bodies are required by eukaryote cells for:
a. Synthesis of protein
b. Containing the genetic material of the cell
c. Photosynthesis
d. Modification and export of proteins
e. Preventing osmotic lysis of the cell

16. Match the cytoskeleton component to the description. Microfilaments:
a. Provide mechanical stability to animal cells
b. Provide tracks for organelle movement.
c. Are thin rods made of actin
d. Are intermediate sized tubular filaments made of a variety of different proteins
e. Are 25nm thick tubular filaments, made of the protein tubulin.

17. Match the cytoskeleton component to the description. Microtubules:
a. Are used for separation of chromosomes during cell division;
b. Are found in high concentrations in epithelial cells at the surface of the body
c. Are intermediate sized tubular filaments made of a variety of different proteins
d. Are thin rods made of actin
e. Cause muscle contraction in association with myosin.

18. Oxygen crosses cell membranes by:
a. Simple diffusion
b. Active transport
c. Facilitated Diffusion
d. Endocytosis

19. If an animal cell (e.g. a red blood cell) is placed in a hypotonic solution:
a. Water will flow into the cell causing it to swell and possibly burst.
b. A small amount of water will flow into the cell before the cell wall prevents further expansion of the cell which becomes pressurised (turgid)
c. Water will flow out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
d. There is no substantial flow of water into or out of the cell as the cell membrane is not permeable to water.

20. Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The site at which a reaction occurs on an enzyme is called the active site
b. The starting material of an enzyme catalysed reaction is called substrate
c. Enzymes increase reaction rates by decreasing the ΔG of the reaction
d. Free energy is the energy available to do work
e. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

21. A metabolic reaction A → B has a positive free energy change of 20 kJ/mol. Which of the following is required (in addition to substrate A) for the cell to make appreciable amounts of metabolite B
a. Enzyme only is required to reduce the large activation energy.
b. An enzyme plus ATP is required.
c. ATP only is required.
d. The reaction would be impossible even with an enzyme and ATP.

22. Choose the most correct statement regarding glycolysis:
a. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, NADH and ATP
b. Glycolysis is the first stage in the reduction of glucose
c. Glycolysis uses up more ATP than it produces
d. Glycolysis uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide

23. Which statement about the citric acid cycle is FALSE.
a. It produces most of the carbon dioxide from the oxidation of glucose
b. It contains 4 oxidation steps.
c. The NADH and FADH produced carry energy to the electron transport chain
d. It can occur in the absence of oxygen

24. Which of the following feeds electrons to the electron transport chain?
a. oxaloacetate
b. carbon dioxide
c. oxygen
d. NADH
e. ATP

25. Respiratory ATP production:
a. Uses a completely different mechanism to ATP production in chloroplasts.
b. Can be directly linked to NADH oxidation because it is a redox reaction.
c. Cannot occur in bacteria because they do not have mitochondria.
d. Is possible because hydrogen ions cannot cross the lipid bilayer directly by simple diffusion.

26. During a sprint (a short burst of strenuous exercise) cells produce lactate because:
a. This allows a greater output of ATP per glucose metabolised.
b. Cells receive insufficient oxygen to re-oxidise NADH in the electron transport chain.
c. Heavy rates of breathing supply excess oxygen to muscle cells.
d. The citric acid cycle is highly active.

27. Photosystem II is a large complex enzyme which:
a. Absorbs green light
b. Catalyses ATP synthesis.
c. Catalyses reduction of NADP+
d. Obtains electrons from water.

28. Photosystems I and II are both located:
a. In green plants and cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
b. In the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts
c. In the chloroplast stroma
d. In all cells of a plant

29. The Calvin cycle has the following net equation:

a. 3 CO₂ + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH → glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
b. 6 H₂O + 6 CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
c. 2H₂O + 2NADP+ 2 H+ → O₂ + 2NADPH
d. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + CO₂ → 2x phosphoglycerate

30. In the disease phenylketonuria:
a. The lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase causes a reduction in blood phenylalanine.
b. Increased tyrosine levels can be detected in a neonatal blood sample.
c. Accumulation of phenylalanine causes mental retardation.
d. Blood clotting is poorly controlled.