Respiratory System

1. What is the difference between respiration meaning gas exchange and cellular respiration?

2. What is the chemical equation of the aerobic cellular respiration?

3. Considering the chemical equation of the aerobic cellular respiration which molecules does the cell need and which molecules does it liberate in the process?

4. What are the different kinds of gas exchange that occur in animals?

5. Oxygen comes from the environment and carbon dioxide in the end returns to the environment. How do small animals solve the problem of taking away and bringing these molecules from/to their cells? Why isn't that solution possible for larger animals?

6. Beings from four phyla of the animal kingdom "breath" (do gas exchange) by diffusion. Which are those phyla? How is this type of respiration associated to features present in those animals?

7. Which animals make tracheal respiration? Is there a blood-like fluid that participates in this process?

8. What is the difference between respiration by cutaneous respiration and diffusion? Does blood participate in cutaneous respiration?

9. Which animals make cutaneous respiration?

10. What are branchiae? What are examples of animals that "breath" through branchiae?

11. What is the difference between lungs and gills?

12. Besides vertebrates two invertebrate phyla contain species that make pulmonary respiration. Which are these phyla?

13. What are the three kinds of respiration in which the circulatory system transports gases?

14. What are respiratory pigments? What are some respiratory pigments and in which animal groups can each of them be found?

15. What are the organs that form the human respiratory system?

16. What is the anatomical reason for the left bronchus to be more elevated than the right bronchus? Why in most cases of aspiration of foreign material by children is the object found in the right bronchus?

17. How does the body defend itself from microorganisms and other harmful substances that enter the airway during the breathing process?

18. Which are the respiratory muscles in mammals?

19. How are inhalation and expiration carried out?

20. What is the difference between venous and arterial blood?

21. What is hematosis? In humans where does hematosis occur?

22. What are the blood vessels that carry venous blood to the heart? What is the blood vessel that collects arterial blood from the heart?

23. What is the gas exchange unit of the mammalian lungs?

24. What is the physical process through which gas exchange is accomplished in the pulmonary alveoli?

25. What is the structure of the central nervous system that regulates pulmonary respiration?

26. What is the chemical equation of the formation of bicarbonate from water and carbon dioxide? What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?

27. What are the consequences of shifting the chemical equilibrium of the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water towards the increase of product (bicarbonate) formation?

28. What are the consequences of shifting the chemical equilibrium of the formation of bicarbonate from water and carbon dioxide towards the consumption of products of the reverse reaction?

29. How does the pulmonary ventilation affect the carbon dioxide concentration in blood? What happens to the carbon dioxide concentration and to the blood pH when the respiratory frequency is either lowered or increased?

30. What are alkalosis and acidosis?

31. How does the breathing process correct acidosis?

32. How does the breathing process correct alkalosis?

33. What is the difference between metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis and what is the difference between metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis?

34. Where are the chemoreceptors that detect the acidity of the trigger and blood the respiratory compensation located?