Questions for midterm 2 review

What are some differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

What is the nucleus/rough and smooth ER/golgi/lysosome/mitochondria/chloroplasts/peroxisomes?

What is the purpose of organelles?

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Why are proteins an excellent macromolecule for anchoring in the plasma membrane?

What are the forms of membrane transport?

Why can't certain molecule diffuse across the membrane?

What is osmosis?

What is endocytosis?

What is metabolism? Describe the difference between catabolism and anabolism.

What are linear, divergent, convergent, and circular pathways?

What is ATP? How does it store energy?

What is an oxidation/reduction reaction? What happens when something is reduced? Oxidized? Why is this relevant to metabolism?

What are NAD+ and FAD?

What is aerobic respiration? Anaerobic?

What is a common sugar used by the cell to make ATP?

What is glycolysis? How much ATP is produced? What happens to glucose?

What happens to pyruvate before it can enter the Krebs cycle?

What is the Krebs cycle? What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? How does it work? What role does oxygen play?

What enzyme creates ATP? What does it used to power this reaction?

Where is the ETC in eukaryotes? In prokaryotes?

What are unwanted by products of the ETC. How do cells deal with them?

What are other terminal electron receptors that certain organisms can use?

What is aerobic respiration?

What is fermentation?

Why is fermentation necessary?

What class of enzyme is responsible for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+

What is the difference between souring and spoilage?

What is photosynthesis?

What is the difference between photosystem one and two?

What are the light dependent reactions and what is the Calvin Cycle?

What are autotrophs? heterotrophs? chemotrophs? Phototrophs?

What factors influence microbial growth?

Be able to describe a microbes interaction with oxygen/temp/pH

What is binary fission?

What is mitosis/meiosis?

What are the stages of mitosis?