QUESTION 1. Which of the below are true of an argument's form?

*Note: This question has more than one right answer - mark all that apply.*

It is the same thing as the argument's inference.

It has absolutely nothing to do with determining the truth status of the argument's conclusion (that is, when we take into consideration the truth status of the premises).

It links the evidentiary support presented in the premises to the supported conclusion.

If the argument is deductive, its form can either be valid or invalid.

You can symbolize it with letters or in some other way regardless of the particular meaning of the premises.

It has absolutely nothing to do with the concepts of soundness, unsoundness, cogency, and uncogency.

QUESTION 2. Which of the below options is NOT true of an argument's content?

It is distinct from (yet related to in determining the truth status of the argument's conclusion) the argument's form.

It refers to the premises and conclusions of arguments.

You can NOT learn anything about the argument's conclusion based on the truth of the premises and the structure of the argument's inference.

The parts of the argument that comprise the argument's content are true or false.

QUESTION 3. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Rachel and Jessica have very toned bodies, and they work out on a Roboflex exercise machine. So if I use a Roboflex exercise machine, I'll be able to get the same results."

an inductive argument

a deductive argument

not an argument

a practical argument

QUESTION 4. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love anything is nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists."

a deductive argument

an inductive argument

an analogical argument

not an argument

QUESTION 5. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders supports a nationalized healthcare system run by the government - a system that parallels one employed by Nazi Germany in the middle of the twentieth century. Sanders then is a fascist in the mold of Adolf Hitler."

a practical argument

a deductive argument

an inductive argument

an analogical argument

QUESTION 6. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Tommy behaves strangely. He hides from strangers, has imaginary friends, and fidgets nervously. I think he acts this way because he feels that other people are always judging him."

an inductive argument

an abductive argument

a practical argument

a deductive argument

QUESTION 7. Which of the below is NOT a possible definition of validity?

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises makes the falsity of the conclusion impossible.

The form of a deductive argument where the truth of the premises just makes the truth of the conclusion highly probable.

The form of a deductive argument which is not invalid.

QUESTION 8. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"There hasn't been a tornado in the New York City area any of the days for the whole past decade, so I really don't think one will happen there today. If one will happen, animals would be acting weird and there would be intense bouts of hail and rain followed by deadly calm weather - a signal of quickly shifting weather patterns around NYC. Nobody has seen any of these things in NYC, so I don't think there will be a tornado there today."
(Hint: Animals acting weirdly and the quick shifts in weather conditions are the ONLY relevant conditions to consider here to establish the pattern. BUT, maybe you should read this story to see if the first premise is true: http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/09/17/how-often-do-tornadoes-hit-new-york-city/).

an inductive argument with strong form yet is uncogent because at least one of the premises is false (yet the TER is met)

an inductive argument with weak form which is thus uncogent (yet the TER is met)

an inductive argument with strong form yet is uncogent because the TER is not met

an inductive argument with strong form and is cogent (the premises are true and the TER is met)

QUESTION 9. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Linda's back hurts every Tuesday and Thursday. It's probably due to her lifting those 50 pound weights on Mondays and Wednesdays (when she hasn't exercised in over a year)."
*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound because the premises are true

an inductive argument with strong form (we can't tell if it is cogent or uncogent, though, because we don't know if the TER is met)

an abductive argument that is an inference to the best explanation

an abductive argument that is an inference to a poor explanation

QUESTION 10. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Tim's doctor says his cholesterol is through the roof, he is dangerously overweight, and he has diabetes. He truly wants to lose weight and live more healthily so he doesn't die as a young man, leaving his beloved family behind. But Tim thinks KFC and McRibs are delicious for the few minutes when he is consuming them (afterwards he feels regret), so he should NOT give up eating fast-food daily."
*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

a bad practical argument

a good practical argument

an abductive argument that is an inference to the best explanation

an abductive argument that is an inference to a poor explanation

QUESTION 11. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"The vast majority of people who graduate from high school and who are from a developed nation like America can recognize a car as a car. I predict Jan - one of my neighbors in Toledo - will be able to recognize this car as a car."
*Note: Assume the premises are all true.*
(Hint: Are these the only relevant criteria to consider? What do we not know about Jan?)

a deductive argument which is invalid and thus unsound

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

an inductive argument with strong form and is cogent (the TER is met and the premises are true)

an inductive argument with strong form yet which is uncogent because the TER is not met (though the premises are true)

QUESTION 12. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Triangles are geometric shapes featuring three sides with interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. This polygon (Δ) has three sides with three interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. Thus, this polygon (Δ) is a triangle."
*Note: The premises are all true.*

a deductive argument with valid form and which is sound (because the premises are true)

a deductive argument with invalid form and is unsound because of it

a good analogy

an inductive argument with weak form and is thus uncogent

QUESTION 13. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"I talked to Sheila yesterday, and she said she finds the eventual American involvement in the Syrian conflict to be distasteful. She said she wants to know why we feel justified violating another country's sovereignty. We shouldn't be there for this reason, she says."

not an argument

a good practical argument

a bad practical argument

an abductive argument which is an inference to the best explanation

QUESTION 14. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Maxwell will NOT pass this class if he fails to pass all of the assignments/exams or if he fails to overcome the urge to punch the instructor in the face during class. Maxwell won't pass the course. Thus, he punched the instructor in the face during class."
*Note: Assume the premises are false.*

a deductive argument with valid form yet is unsound because the premises are false

a deductive argument with invalid form which is unsound because of it

a bad practical argument

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

QUESTION 15. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"Jan spent $1200 on a baby stroller. $1200 is what I spent on my bomb shelter, which is nearly indestructible. I imagine, for that kind of money, this stroller is also nearly indestructible."
*Note: Assume the premises are true.*

a bad practical argument

an inductive argument with strong form which is cogent

a good analogy

a bad analogy

QUESTION 16. Which of the below descriptions best characterizes the following passage?
"This single Fiber One Chewy Bar from the vending machine is delicious! I bet every other item in this vending machine will also be delicious."
*Assume the premises are true.*

an inductive argument with weak form which is thus uncogent

an inductive argument with strong form which is cogent

a deductive argument with valid form which is sound

a deductive argument with invalid form which is unsound because of it

QUESTION 17. Which of the below is the name of the method where you check a syllogistic argument for invalidity by abstracting away from it the form and then replacing it with new content where the premises are true and the conclusion false?

the counterexample method

the viability method

the invalidity method

the syllogistic method

QUESTION 18. Which of the below options is the abstracted form of the following argument?
"Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near."
*Note: "T" = "toxic dumps", "S" = "sites that emit hazardous wastes", "U" = "undesirable places to live near"*

All U are T, and some T are U. Thus, some T are S.

Some S are T, and some U are S. Thus, some T are U.

Some T are S, and all S are U. Thus, some T are U.

Some T are S, and some S are U. Thus, some T are U.

QUESTION 19. Use the counterexample method to determine the answer to this question: is the following argument valid?
"Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near."
*Note: "T" = "toxic dumps", "S" = "sites that emit hazardous wastes", "U" = "undesirable places to live near"*

Yes

No

QUESTION 20. Which of the below options is the abstracted form of the following argument?
"All persons who assist others in suicide are people guilty of murder. Accordingly, some individuals motivated by compassion are not persons guilty of murder, inasmuch as some people who assist others in suicide are individuals motivated by compassion."
*Note: "P" = "persons who assist others in suicide", "G" = "persons guilty of murder", "I" = "individuals motivated by compassion"*

All P are G. Accordingly, all I are G, inasmuch as some P are I.

Some G are P. Accordingly, some P are not I, inasmuch as some G are P.

All P are G. Accordingly, some I are not G, inasmuch as some P are I.

Some P are G. Accordingly, all I are not G, inasmuch as all P are I.

QUESTION 21. Use the counterexample method to determine the answer to this question: is the following argument valid?
"All apples are pieces of fruit. All pieces of fruit are food items. Thus, all apples are food items."

Yes

No

QUESTION 22. Is the following argument (technically) deductive AND valid?
"(P) The conclusion of this argument is true.
(C) The sun will rise in the east tomorrow as it has every preceding day that I can remember."

Yes

No

QUESTION 23. If an argument is deductive, valid, AND has true premises, do we know for an absolute fact that the conclusion of that argument is true?

Yes

No