Question 1 Using the latest Australian Bureau of Statistics data answer the following questions: a. Using current statistical information, discuss the inequality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous mortality rates in Australia b. Discuss the factors that influence Indigenous mortality. Include the following in your discussion:

• social determinants that impact on Indigenous health

• historical and cultural influences such as ‘stolen generation', self determination

Question 2

a. Discuss effective communication strategies a nurse would use in a client admission interview. In your answer, consider effective verbal and non-verbal communication and the use of empathy.

b. Explain the adjustments a nurse would make to their communication strategies with an Indigenous client.

Question 3 In some cultures, such as the Aboriginal or Indonesian culture, the concept of time is sometimes referred to as "elastic" or Koori time. This means that people from these cultures don't necessarily see 'on-the-dot' punctuality as being important, where many people from different cultures regard being on time as being very important. Discuss the strategies that could be implemented to acknowledge this cultural difference in time when trying to organise health appointments for a group of people who followed Koori time. In your answer, consider the following statement made by an Indigenous participant in a study on Aboriginal experiences of health and family services in the Northern Territory: "... we need to develop trust and relationships with health and family health professionals, we need to feel that these professionals care for us as fellow human beings and respect our difference ...we think maybe they are not learning enough it needs to be more about our culture as a real thing not just something we follow. They need to understand this is our way of living in the world and provide services that respect our way". (Dunbar, 2011)

Question 4

a. Describe the negative effects of bias or discrimination in a workplace.

b. Outline the legislation that protects people from discrimination in Australia.

Question 5 Define the following terms and explain how they may influence nursing care. a. Stereotyping b. Ethnocentrism c. Cultural imposition

Question 6 Consider the following scenarios and then answer the questions for each scenario:

Scenario 1 Indian-Australian women working in a cafe were seen as surly and uncooperative. When serving food, an Anglo-Australian assistant would offer 'gravy' with a rising intonation, while the Indian-Australian women would say the same word with a falling intonation. To many people, this sounded like a statement of fact rather than a question and was often interpreted as rude. Listening to taped sequences of this type, Indian-Australian women at first could not hear any difference. Only after training did they recognise the difference. What differences in pronunciation and intonation need to be considered when working with culturally diverse clients in a health care situation?

Scenario 2 A Vietnamese man was called into court as a witness for a Jordanian workmate, who had been in an accident and hurt his back. The Jordanian had been forced to take six months off work. In the court, the Vietnamese man was asked, 'When he returned to work six months after the accident, you didn't see him doing any heavy work, did you?' The Vietnamese man answered yes, and nodded his head. In fact, what the Vietnamese man wanted to say was that the Jordanian had not done any heavy work. His 'yes' answer actually meant, 'Yes, I agree with your question, "he wasn't doing any heavy work"'. But due to his culture and the style of his native language, he did not answer the way an Anglo-Australian would have; he did not say, 'No, I didn't see him do any heavy work.' This led to some confusion in the court. You are conducting a health assessment with this Vietnamese man. How would you phrase questions in the health assessment interview to ensure that there is no misunderstanding between 'no' and 'yes'. Give two (2) examples of questions that you would use.