Question 1 State whether the following statements are ‘Correct' or ‘Incorrect'.
Rewrite ‘incorrect' statements ‘correctly'
1. Civil engineers study ‘engineering geology' because they want to work as ‘geologists'.
2. At transform plate boundaries, two tectonic plates are subducted beneath each other.
3. Geologists have generally agreed that Earth is about 100 million years old.
4. Minerals are generally organic in their composition.
5. We can generally identify minerals by only one property.
6. The most common type of rock exposed to the Earth's surface where civil engineers construct roads, buildings etc. are igneous rocks.
7. Volcanic activities produce metamorphic rocks.
8. Principal agents for metamorphism are sea levels and plate tectonics.
9. In a syncline, the youngest rock layers dip away from the fold axis.
10. Faults result from ductile deformation of rocks.
11. A normal fault is observed where the hanging wall is displaced upward relative to footwall.
12. Clay is the parent material for all soils.
13. Physical disintegration of rocks into smaller pieces is called chemical weathering.
14. Root wedging is a type of chemical weathering.
15. Density of the rock is defined as the mass of rock divided by the equal volume of water.
16. Unconfined compressive strength of the rock increases when the porosity increases.
17. Shear strength of the rock increases with the decrease in normal stress.
18. Ratio of the vertical and horizontal stress at a point on rock mass varies widely.
19. Sounding method of subsoil exploration provide good soil samples for further testing.
20. There are subsoil exploration methods available to obtain 100% undisturbed soil samples.
Question 2
(a) Sketch principal earth spheres to show how they interact each other and to illustrate that the Earth is a dynamic planet. Provide examples of such interactions.
(b) What are minerals? List different types of rock forming minerals. Describe with examples the importance of mineral identification in engineering applications.
(c) Sketch a rock cycle diagram to differentiate three types of rocks with examples. Also, summarise their properties for engineering applications.
(d) Describe briefly the process of mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks. Draw a typical soil profile and discuss the factors controlling soil profile development.
(e) Define ‘folds', ‘faults', ‘dip' and ‘strike' and explain each of them with neat sketches.
(f) List methods of subsoil exploration. Briefly discuss them with the help of neat sketches.