Question 1: Deposit feeders would most likely be found on which substrate?

• Sandy bottoms
• Muddy bottoms
• Gravel bottoms
• Rocky shores
• None of the above

Question 2: Fjords are formed as a result of the

• subsidence of land.
• lowering of sea level.
• formation of sand bars and barrier islands.
• coast being cut by a river.
• raising of sea level.

Question 3: An animal that feeds by catching plankton as it swims by is called a

• deposit feeder.
• suspension feeder.
• opportunistic feeder.
• detritivore.
• scavenger

Question 4: The most common type of substrate in estuaries is

• mud.
• rock.
• coarse sand.
• fine sand.
• None of the above .

Question 5: Osmoconformers survive changes in salinity by

• maintaining the salinity of their body fluids constantly.
• moving up and down the water column in order to spend most of the day in the salt wedge.
• pumping water in as salinity decreases.
• allowing the salinity of their body fluids to vary with that of the surrounding water.
• increasing the amounts of salts in their body fluids no matter the salinity of the surrounding water.

Question 6: Most of the primary production on mud flats is due to

• diatoms.
• green algae.
• brown algae.
• red algae.
• sulfur bacteria.

Question 7: Interstitial organisms are also classified as

• infauna.
• endofauna.
• epifauna.
• meiofauna.
• midfauna.

Question 8: Blood rich in hemoglobin is an adaptation to

• fluctuating salinities.
• wide variations in temperature.
• soft sediments.
• feeding in detritus.
• low oxygen concentrations.

Question 9: Zonation in an estuary is made evident by

• a large number of worms in the mud.
• presence of different species along different horizontal levels in relation to tides.
• tide pools along the mud flats.
• absence of life in black sediments.
• high concentration of plants in salt marshes.

Question 10: The food web in salt-marsh communities is characterized by high primary production. Most of this production is made available to other communities in the form of

• plant tissue eaten by grazers.
• plankton eaten by filter feeders.
• detritus.
• plants eaten by herbivores.
• plants eaten by zooplankton.

Question 11: The worldwide distribution of mangrove forests is mostly determined by

• salinity.
• type of sediment.
• temperature.
• wave action.
• height of tide.

Question 12: Taking a fiddler crab to a new location and observing that its rhythms remain the same proves that fiddler crabs have a _____________ ___________.

• navigation system that relies on Earth's magnetic field
• tidal cycle
• reproductive cycle that corresponds to phases of the moon
• biological clock
• time-space orientation

Question 13: The loss of estuaries and mangrove forests is particularly serious since these ecosystems

• provide nesting or resting areas to many seabirds.
• are among the most productive of all marine ecosystems.
• provide habitats to many species.
• directly or indirectly provide food to many species.
• All of the above.

Question 14: Pneumatophores are used for

• excretion of excess salts.
• horizontal growth.
• aeration of plant tissues.
• reproduction.
• downward growth.

Question 15: The part of the continental shelf that is never exposed at low tide is called the

• littoral zone.
• subtidal zone.
• intertidal zone.
• pelagic zone.
• abyssal zone.

Question 16: The distribution of the infauna of soft-bottom subtidal communities is often closely related to

• temperature.
• particle size of sediment.
• salinity.
• distribution of seaweeds.
• light.

Question 17: Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on the global distribution of organisms on the continental shelf?

• Stratification of water
• Oxygen
• Nutrients
• Temperature
• Turbulence

Question 18: As turbulence decreases

• the amount of oxygen in the sediment decreases.
• the amount of detritus in the sediment decreases.
• the size of sediment particles increases.
• the relative number of suspension feeders increases.
• the relative number of seaweed species increases.

Question 19: Which of the following will be relatively uncommon components of rocky subtidal communities?

• Producers
• Grazers
• Predators
• Infauna
• Epifauna

Question 20: By definition, kelp forests develop when

• kelp fronds float on the surface.
• the kelp is large enough to rise above the bottom.
• the kelp lives in warm water.
• kelp fronds have leaves.
• the kelp holdfast is large enough to be called a true root system.

Question 21: Kelps are characteristic of

• soft bottoms.
• Arctic and Antarctic coasts.
• hard bottoms in the tropics.
• soft bottoms but only in the tropics.
• temperate regions.

Question 22: The distribution of kelp species along a particular coast is known to be affected by all of the following factors except

• light.
• wave action.
• carnivorous fishes.
• depth.
• type of grazers.

Question 23: Sea otters are known to affect the development of giant kelp forests by

• helping in the dispersion of spores.
• removing competing seaweeds.
• feeding on carnivorous fishes.
• feeding on grazing sea urchins.
• releasing nutrients present in feces and urine.

Question 24: Primary production on soft-bottomed subtidal communities is highest in

• salt marshes.
• mangrove forests.
• seagrass beds.
• oyster reefs.
• coral reefs.

Question 25: Which of the following strategies is not used by seaweeds resulting in less grazing?

• Chemical defenses
• Leathery consistency
• Calcium carbonate
• Bad taste
• Slow growth