Question 1. April read a magazine article that said taking vitamin C supplements will decrease the number of colds people have over the winter. She decides to test this hypothesis by examining the effect of vitamin C on some of her coworkers compared with what happens with a control group. Which of the following would be the best control for his experiment?
Randomly selected coworkers who are given a placebo instead of a vitamin C supplement

Randomly selected coworkers who are given only small doses of vitamin C

Volunteers from the office building next door who do not take vitamin C

Volunteers from her office who agree to take a placebo instead of vitamin C

Volunteers from the office building next door who take vitamin C

Question 2.You notice that more children are dropped off at school on cold, rainy days than on warm, sunny days. This is an example of a(n) _____.
observation

hypothesis

experiment

theory

All of the above

Question 3. When a gas is converted directly to a solid, the change of state is called
freezing.

deposition.

boiling.

condensation.

sublimation.

Question 4. The noble gases
are unreactive and are rarely found in combination with other elements.

are good conductors of electricity.

melt at high temperatures.

are liquids at room temperature.

react vigorously with water.

Question 5.  Based on the specific heat, which type of cookware would heat up the fastest?
Titanium: Specific heat is 0.5226 J/g °C.

Aluminum: Specific heat is 0.925 J/g °C.

Tin: Specific heat is 0.2274 J/g °C.

Copper: Specific heat is 0.3845 J/g °C.

Iron: Specific heat is 0.4494 J/g °C.

Question 6.The following reaction takes place when aluminum is mixed with bromine. It is an example of a _____ reaction. 2Al + 3Br2 à 2AlBr3.
double-replacement

single-replacement

combination

decomposition

dehydration

Question 7.Atom X forms a -2 anion. Atom Y forms a +1 cation. Which is the overall charge of the polyatomic ion XY4?
0

-1

+4

+2

+1

Question 8.Why can tin form two different ions?
Tin can gain or lose electrons to form an anion or a cation.

Tin can gain a variable number of electrons to form two or more different anions.

Tin can lose a variable number of electrons to form two or more different cations.

Tin only forms one type of cation.

Tin does not form any ions.

Question 9. 74.55 g of KCl is dissolved in 0.500 L. Which is the molarity of this solution?
1.00 M

4.00 M

0.500 M

1.50 M

2.00 M

Question 10. Which type is reaction is happening in the following chemical equation?

HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + HOH
Ionization

Dissociation

Oxidation

Neutralization

Reduction

Question 11.Which of the following describes the purpose of a buffer?
A buffer is used to change color at the end point of a titration.

A buffer helps maintain the pH of a solution.

A buffer acts as a strong base.

A buffer helps maintain a neutral pH.

A buffer acts as a strong acid.

Question 12. The presence of more than one polypeptide chain is described as _____ protein structure.
primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

infinite

Question 13.A list of organic compounds is shown below. Which one has both carboxyl and an amino group?
Amino acids

Fats

Sugars

ATP

Vinegar

Question 14. Why do carbon atoms have unique bonding abilities?
Carbon has been around so long due to its inertness.

Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on earth.

Carbon is able to form bonds with itself and many other elements.

None of the above

All of the above

Question 15. If a cell's cytoskeleton disappeared, the cell would _____.
move more quickly

divide into two cells

digest itself

need to manufacture more lysosomes

collapse

Question 16. You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a(n) _____ cell.
prokaryotic

liver

animal

bacterial

plant

Question 17. Which of the following is paired incorrectly?
Peroxisome: Catalase

Mitochondria: Eukaryote

Cytoskeleton: Tubulin

Nucleus: Prokaryote

Ribosome: Protein synthesis

Question 18. Redox reactions occur during cellular respiration. In these reactions, _____.
the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction

a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

None of the above

Question 19. During the Calvin cycle, _____ are used to make _____.
light energy and CO2 ; sugar

CO2, ATP, and NADPH ; sugar and O2

light energy, CO2, and water ; sugar and O2

CO2, ATP, and NADPH ; sugar

sugar and O2 ; CO2, NADPH, and ATP

Question 20. How is respiration (the act of breathing) different from cellular respiration?
Respiration produces ATP; cellular respiration is gas exchange.

Respiration is gas exchange; cellular respiration produces ATP.

Respiration produces glucose; cellular respiration produces oxygen.

Respiration uses glucose; cellular respiration produces glucose.

Respiration produces glucose; cellular respiration is gas exchange.

Question 21.Which enzymes add new nucleotides during DNA replication?
DNA helicases

DNA ligases

DNases

DNA polymerases

DNA gyrases

Question 22.Which do you call the specific traits of an organism?
Holotype

Genotype

Typology

Phenotype

Morphology

Question 23.Operons contain regulatory genes that code for _____.
RNA polymerase

repressors

promoters

enzymes

lactose

Question 24. How would you describe a transgenic animal?
An animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele

An animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy

An animal containing a gene from a third parent, which may even be another species

An animal containing genes from both its parents

An animal containing genes from three or more species

Question 25. Frieda has naturally curly hair. Her husband Linus has naturally straight hair. They have four children, all of whom have naturally wavy hair. Which is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?
Pleiotropy

Incomplete dominance

Sex-linked straight and curly hair but not wavy hair

Wavy hair dominance to both straight and curly hair

Codominance

Question 26. If a human's _____ cells are genetically modified, it may have an effect on the person's offspring.
intestinal

immune

pancreatic

gametic

somatic

Question 27. Mules, which are not able to reproduce, are the offspring of a donkey and a horse. This is an example of
a postzygotic reproductive barrier.

sympatric speciation.

allopatric speciation.

speciation by hybridization.

an adaptive radiation.

Question 28. Which of the features below was the first to appear in early hominids such as Australopithecus afarensis?
Language

Tool-making

A large brain

An upright posture

Use of medicinal plants

Question 29. The Linnaean system of classification has multiple levels of shared similarities. Which of the following lists of levels is correctly ordered from largest to smallest?
Domain, phylum, order, species

Kingdom, phylum, domain, genus

Phylum, class, order, species, genus

Phylum, order, class, species

Domain, class, phylum, genus, species

Question 30 Which of the following are autotrophs?

Flatworms

Diatoms

Amoebas

Cnidarians

Yeast

Question 31 Bacteria
sometimes gather in multicellular clusters.

are sometimes infected by viroids.

contribute to decomposition.

both sometimes gather in multicellular cluster and contribute to decomposition.

All of the above

Question 32. Plants are unable to break down the nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere. Which type of organisms can convert N2 into a usable form?
Consumers

Fungi

Protists

Bacteria

Animals

Question 33.An organism that has many offspring and poor parental care will likely exhibit _____.
a type I survivorship curve

a type II survivorship curve

a type III survivorship curve

a survivorship curve between type I and type II

a survivorship curve between type II and type III

Question 34. The seafloor is also known as the _____.

thermocline

pelagic realm

intertidal zone

benthic realm

aphotic zone

Question 35. Emperor penguins and crabeater seals in the Antarctic both feed on krill. Which relationship can be said to exist between the penguins and the seals?
Predation

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Competition

1.  Hadley needs to make a 10% (m/v) NaCl solution for use in an experiment.

(a) What is the solute in the resulting solution? What is the solvent in the solution? How do you know?

(b) Is this solution a strong electrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a nonelectrolyte? Why?

(c) How many grams of NaCl are required to make 250 mL of the 10% (m/v) NaCl solution? Be sure to show your work for full credit.

(d) What volume (mL) of a 2% (m/v) NaCl solution can be prepared by diluting 100 mL of a 10% (m/v) NaCl solution? Be sure to show your work for full credit.

Question 2 A gray fruit fly with red eyes is crossed with an ebony fruit fly that has orange eyes. All the offspring are gray and have red eyes.

(a) What are the genotypes of the parents and the F1 offspring? Be sure to define the symbols you use for each pair of genes.

(b) If two of these F1 fruit flies are crossed, what phenotypes do you expect in the offspring? In what ratio?

(c) Which of Mendel's laws is demonstrated here?

Question 3. Enzymes and proteins are essential to living organisms, and the function of a protein is dependent upon its structure. List and describe the four levels of protein structure.

Describe and differentiate between the types of bonds and interactions that are involved in each level of protein structure.

Question 4 Define and compare and contrast populations, communities, and ecosystems. You must list similarities and differences to receive full credi