Question 1 . Bacteria are microbial recyclers that

always cause disease in animals, humans, and crops.

release phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon back into the environment.

allow us to be buried under the petrified corpses of uncountable dead organisms.

are unable to degrade dead plants and animals.

All of the above

Question 2. Which of the following statement(s) best describe pseudopodia?

They are numerous short protrusions from a cell that beat rhythmically for propulsion.

They are whip-like extensions of a cell.

They are extensions of a cell that flow in a direction of travel.

They are numerous, long protrusions from a cell that beat rhythmically for propulsion.

All of the above

Question 3. The instrument that would best be used to observe an intracellular organelle would be which of the following?

Human eye

Atomic force microscope

Scanning electron microscope

Scanning tunneling microscope

None of the above

Question 4. What would happen if you forgot to counterstain while doing a Gram stain?

Gram-positive cells would be pink.

Gram-negative cells would be stained red.

Gram-positive cells would be stained colorless.

Gram-negative cells would be colorless.

Gram-negative cells would be stained pink.

Question 5. Which of the following is the primary stain typically used for an endospore stain?

Crystal violet

Malachite green

Safranin

Iodine

None of the above

Question 6. Which of the following substances would you expect to find in Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not in Staphylococcus aureus?

N-acetylglucosamine

Peptidoglycan

Lipoteichoic acid

Endotoxin

Mycolic acid

Question 7. Bacterial flagella

may give cells the ability to flee harmful environments.

extend beyond the cell wall.

enable movement towards favorable conditions.

are long and include filament, hook, and basal body.

All of the above

Question 8. If nursing students observed a typical eukaryotic cell, what would they find inside?

Nucleolus

Lysosome

Mitocondria

All of the above

A and C

Question 9. The "central dogma of genetics" states that

DNA is replicated in a semiconservative fashion.

RNA is translated to form polypeptides.

DNA is replicated to form RNA, which then is transcribed to form polypeptides.

DNA is transcribed to form RNA, which is then transcribed to form polypeptides.

DNA is transcribed to form RNA, which is then translated to form polypeptides.

Question 10. During DNA replication,

the leading and lagging strands are both synthesized continuously in the 5' à 3' direction.

DNA helicase is responsible for bringing nucleotides to the site of replication.

eukaryotes replicate all their DNA from a single origin.

DNA may be methylated through the addition of a methyl group.

cytosine pairs up with guanine and adenine pairs up with uracil.

Question 11. Which of the following is NOT a type of plasmid found in bacteria?

Resistance plasmid

Fertility plasmid

Transformation plasmid

Bacteriocin plasmid

Virulence plasmid

Question 12. Andre performed an Ames test on some of his homemade chili. He found several revertant His+ colonies the next day. This result shows that Andre's chili

is carcinogenic.

is mutagenic in humans.

is mutagenic in Salmonella.

is carcinogenic in humans.

is carcinogenic in Salmonella.

Question 13. Which of the statements about DNA listed below is CORRECT?

The DNA of prokaryotes is typically found in the nucleus while that of eukaryotes is free floating within the cytoplasm.

Only prokaryotes have extranuclear DNA.

DNA of eukaryotes and archaea is found in association with histones.

All prokaryotes possess only one circular chromosome.

Gyrase is responsible for "unwinding" DNA before replication.

Question 14. Which of the following would be useful to identify what pathogen is causing a child's illness?

A gene library

Electroporation

A gene gun

Protoplast fusion

A DNA microarray

Question 15. Which of the following statements about enzymes is FALSE?

Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor fits into the enzyme's active site and prevents the substrate from binding.

An apoenzyme is a combination of a cofactor bound to a holoenzyme.

After a reaction is complete, an enzyme resumes its original shape and can bind new substrate molecules.

Not all enzymes require cofactors.

High temperatures do not always increase enzyme activity.

Question 16. Catabolic reactions are reactions that

are endergonic.

break large molecules into small molecules.

form large molecules from small molecules.

require more energy than they release.

only occur in photosynthetic organisms.

Question 17. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway

is a very common metabolic pathway in Gram-negative bacteria.

occurs only in photosynthetic eukaryotes.

uses the same enzymes as glycolysis.

results in the production of NADPH.

produces five carbon sugars.

Question 18. Disinfecting agents that contain an ammonium ion with functional groups replacing the hydrogen ions are

aldehydes.

antimicrobials.

halogens.

quats.

triclosans.

Question 19. Which of the following parameters would historically constitute pasteurization?

Cooling skim milk to 0°C for 60 minutes

Heating chocolate milk at 50°C for 15 minutes

Heating low-fat milk at 134°C for 1 second

Heating skim milk at 72°C for 15 seconds

Heating whole milk at 63°C for 30 minutes

Question 20. Which of the following can result as a relatively mild adverse effect when metronidazole is given for a protozoan infection?

Anaphylactic shock

Black hairy tongue

Pseudomembranous colitis

Both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush

Oral thrush