Problem:

Please read all the questions carefully and answer them.

Question 1: Where are the neurons that orchestrate regional patterns of blood flow?

(a) hypothalamus,

(b) vasomotor center, or

(c) intermediolateral nuclei.

Question 2: The case study involved increased rates of energy consumption, carbon dioxide production, and internal heat release relative to basal predicted rates. Did these changes affect the quality of arterial blood at any point in the case study?

(a) yes, or

(b) no.

Question 3: Does the quality of arterial blood change significantly over the life span of a healthy animal?

(a) yes, or

(b) no.

Question 4: Consider the legs of our model animal. Blood flow through skeletal muscle capillary beds increased during the case study. This phenomenon can be explained by:

(a) upstream vasodilation of arterioles,

(b) increased heartbeat frequency,

(c) vasoconstriction of arterioles within the alimentary canal, or

(d) all of the above.

Question 5: Increased cardiac output depends upon two variables: stroke volume and heartbeat frequency. Increased stroke volume results when the myocardium reacts to increased venous return. In contrast, heartbeat frequency increases in response to autonomic innervation, which serves to decrease the duration of:

(a) myocardial action potentials,

(b) the pacemaker potential, or

(c) pacemaker cell action potentials.

Question 6: What increased the contractile force of the heart?

(a) innervation of the sinoatrial node,

(b) innervation of the myocardium, or

(c) innervation of the myocardium and adrenalin from the bloodstream.

Question 7: What does increased blood flow through skeletal muscle enable during exertion?

(a) increased rate of oxygen delivery,

(b) increased rate of CO2 removal,

(c) increased rate of heat transfer, or

(d) all of the above.

Question 8: What is the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis within white muscle fibers?

(a) heat,

(b) carbon dioxide, or

(c) lactic acid.

Question 9: Increased carbon dioxide production accompanies aerobic exertion. Where does most of this arise within an animal?

(a) CNS,

(b) heart, or

(c) skeletal muscle.

Question 10: Carbon dioxide within the bloodstream is a:

(a) dissolved gas,

(b) dehydrated volatile acid,

(c) a buffer system component, or

(d) all of the above.

Question 11: Approximately 75% of the carbon dioxide produced by mitochondria is carried in the bloodstream as bicarbonate. The formation of this anion depends upon erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. How would the pH of venous blood be affected if carbonic anhydrase was not within the erythrocyte proteome?

(a) increased pH,

(b) decreased pH of venous blood, or

(c) no effect.