Physiology exam at MS level in US. Need to give detailed explanation in form of cellular mechanisms. Answer should be good enough to get A grade, at post graduation level.

Recent studies have shown in both patients and clinical studies that sleep deprivation causes elevated heart rate and hypertension.

a) From the literature, what is the cause of the increased heart rate and hypertension in the sleep deprived? (need more than 3 references;)

b) What are the cellular mechanisms behind the increase in heart rate?

c) What effect would this have on the kidney and how would this change in kidney function impact the pathology?

d) How would sleep deprivation affect venous return, cardiac output and central venous pressure?

e) How would sleep deprivation alter pre-load, afterload and the length-tension curve of the left ventricle?