1. Persons who drink sufficient amounts of alcohol display rapid changes in central nervous system function, including both motor and behavioral changes, and the odor of alcohol can be detected on their breath.  Use the concepts related to the lipid bilayer structure of the cell membrane to explain these observations.

2.Tattoos consist of pigments that have been injected into the skin. Explain what happens to the dye once it has been injected and why it does not eventually wash away.

3.Insulin is a synthesized in the beta cells of pancreas as a prohormone then secreted as an active hormone. Using your knowledge of the function of DNA, the RNA’s, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi complex, propose a pathway for the synthesis of insulin.

4.Mitochondrial disorders, whether die to mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes, often produce muscle weakness, sometimes with severe involvement of the muscles that move the eyes, other neurological symptoms, lactic acidosis, and cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial disorders that are responsible for these manifestations are often classified as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Propose an explanation for the propensity to develop encephalopathies and myopathies with mitochondrial disorders rather than disorders of other body systems such as the kidney or digestive track.

5.The absorption of glucose from the intestine involves a cotransport mechanism in which the active primary transport of sodium is used to provide for the secondary transport of glucose. Hypothesize how this information might be used to design an oral rehydration solution for someone who is suffering from diarrhea.