Part I:
1. Which diagram best represents a blood cell from a person with type O BLOOD?
2. Newborn infants nursing from their mother receive milk containing antibodies against diseases to which the mother is immune. The infants, however, remain immune to those diseases for only a short time. This situation is an example of
(1) active immunity
(2) passive immunity
(3) an oral vaccine
(4) a phagocytic activity
3. Which response usually occurs after an individual receives a vaccination for influenza virus?
(1) Hormones in the blood inhibit reproduction of the virus.
(2) Antigens from the vaccine deactivate the virus.
(3) Enzymes released from platelets hydrolyze the virus.
(4) Antibodies against the virus form in the blood.
4. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this disease again. This situation is an example of
(1) biological control
(2) negative feedback
(3) active immunity
(4) passive immunity
5. An organism develops active immunity as a result of
(1) manufacturing its own antigens
(2)producing antibodies in response to a vaccination
(3) receiving an injection of antibodies produced by another organism
(4) receiving an injection of a dilute glucose solution
6. People who receive organ transplants sometimes produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins present in the organ of the donor. This reaction is an example of
(1) regeneration
(2) clotting
(3) rejection
(4) deamination
7. In some individuals, the immune system attacks substances such as grass pollen that are usually harmless, resulting in
(1) an allergic reaction
(2) a form of cancer
(3) an insulin imbalance
(4) a mutation
Part II: Polio Vaccines
Polio is a disease that results in the destruction of nerve cells. The first vaccine against polio was developed by Jonas Salk and was made from polio viruses that were killed using the chemical formalin. In 1953, Salk tested the vaccine on himself, his wife, and his three sons. The vaccine was found to be safe and seemed to work. In 1954, more than 1.8 million schoolchildren were part of a trial to test the vaccine, and in April 1955, the vaccine was declared to be safe and effective.
Albert Sabin also developed a vaccine against polio. The vaccine developed by Sabin was made from weakened polio viruses. While the Salk vaccine had to be injected, the Sabin vaccine was administered orally on a cube of sugar.
Both vaccines were found to be effective in protecting people against polio because these vaccines stimulate immune responses involving antibody production. However, the Sabin vaccine is effective over a longer period of time and is easier to administer. Together, these vaccines have nearly eliminated polio in many parts of the world.
1. Which statement about the Salk vaccine is correct?
(1) Dead viruses are injected.
(2) Antibodies are injected.
(3) Antibodies are administered orally.
(4) Sugar cubes are administered orally.
2. Using one or more complete sentences, explain how the Salk and Sabin vaccines provide protection against polio.
3. Using one or more complete sentences, state how the Salk vaccine was produced.
4. Using one or more complete sentences, state one reason the Sabin vaccine was used more frequently than the Salk vaccine.