Multiple choice questions.

1. Changes in community structure over time are called _____________.
a. succession
b. stratification
c. zonation
d. characterization

2. Food webs can be arranged into ________ levels based on whether organisms obtain their nutrition from photosynthesis, from eating plants, or from eating animals
a. niche
b. guild
c. trophic
d. predation

3. A dominant species in a community may
a. Be the most numerous
b. Possess the highest biomass
c. Preempt the most space
d. Make the largest contribution to energy flow or nutrient cycling
e. All of the above

4. Which of the following does NOT function as a habitat corridor?__________
a. a large lake
b. a hedgerow
c. the vegetation along a river
d. a drainage ditch

5. Which of the following is produced by humans as pesticides, soluble in fats and lipids, and accumulates in animals through the food chain?________
a. lead
b. chlorinated hydrocarbons
c. sulfur dioxide
d. carbon dioxide

6. In the small-population approach to studying endangered populations, the key factor driving the species towards extinction is___________
a. loss of genetic variation
b. too many animals migrating away from small populations
c. loss of food
d. increased risk of predation
e. too many animals migrating between populations

7. Which of the following is NOT true?_________
a. the world's oceans act as a sink for carbon dioxide
b. the world's terrestrial ecosystems act as a sink for carbon dioxide
c. the world's ecosystems act as sinks for carbon dioxide, completely offsetting the increase in carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels.
d. Reforestation is part of the solution to balancing the global carbon cycle.

8. Which of the following allocates more biomass to photosynthetic tissue and less to supportive tissue?
a. Trees
b. Shrubs
c. Lianas
d. Grasses

9. Conservationists refer to the number of individuals necessary to ensure the long-term survival of a species as the _____________
a. Minimum viable population
b. Genetically effective population
c. metapopulation
d. carrying capacity

10. Which terrestrial biome has the highest diversity of plant and animal life?
a. Tropical savanna
b. Tropical rain forest
c. Temperate deciduous forest
d. Boreal forest

11. An endemic species is best defined as a species that___________________
a. is a habitat specialist with a large geographic distribution
b. has so few individuals remaining that is ceases to perform its role within an ecosystem
c. no longer exists in a given area yet still survives elsewhere
d. occurs in a single geographic area and nowhere else

12. The primary cause of current extinction is____________________
a. overhunting
b. introduction of non-native species
c. pollution
d. habitat degradation

13. Harvesting at a level that will ensure a similar yield repeatedly without forcing the population into decline is called_____________________
a. crop skimming
b. enduring harvest
c. sustained yield
d. consistent crop

14. The rate of carbon cycling is determined by the rate of _______________
a. mineral weathering
b. primary production
c. decomposition
d. none of the above
e. both B and C

15. The General Circulation Models developed by atmospheric scientists predict that in the future
a. Temperatures, sea levels, variability of climate and precipitation will all increase
b. Temperatures, sea levels, and variability of climate will increase while precipitation will decrease
c. Temperatures and sea levels will increase, while variability of climate and precipitation will both decrease
d. Temperatures and precipitation will increase while sea levels and variability of climate will decrease

16. Higher trophic levels in a food chain contain ___________ energy compared to lower trophic levels
a. less
b. more
c. equal
d. more variable

17. The area of suitable habitat necessary for maintaining the number of individuals and ensuring the long-term survival of a species should be highest for a _________________
a. small herbivore
b. large herbivore
c. small carnivore
d. large carnivore

18. The innate rhythm of activity of organisms covering approximately a 24-hour period is called _______.
a. photoperiod
b. ritualization
c. circadian rhythm
d. synchronization

19. Which statement about stress is incorrect? _________
a. As population density increases stress increases mutations
b. Stress triggers changes in the endocrine system of animals
c. Stress can stimulate growth and increase the rate of reproduction
d. Stress may result in profound changes in the immune system.

20. The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called the__________
a. reproductive potential
b. carrying capacity
c. community size
d. density-dependent factor
e. population growth

Short answer questions. Write the word or phrase that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The smaller an organism, the ____________ its surface-to-volume ratio.

2. The number of species in a community is called __________________________.

3. The ______________________________ principle says that two complete competitors cannot exist.

4. __________________________ is the complete removal of a forest during harvest.

5. Predation, in which the predator and prey are the same species is called _____________.

6. A functional response in which the number of prey taken per predator increases quickly at first with prey density, and then increases at a much slower rate as prey density continues to increase, is called a Type _____________.

7. Plants that grow where we do not want them to grow are called ________________.

8. Strips of habitat that connect habitat patches are referred to as ______________.

9. Succession that occurs on a site which was previously not occupied by a community is called _____________ succession

10. The rate of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem depends on the rates of two key processes, primary productivity and _____________________

11. The portion of the fundamental niche that an organism actually exploits in the presence of competitors is called its ___________________ niche.

12. The relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey is known as the predator's _____________________.

13. A(n) ______________ is an intermediate organism that aids the spread of a parasite from one host to another.

14. A relationship between two species, where one species benefits and the other is not significantly affected is called ________________.

15. ______________ primary production is the total rate of photosynthesis, or energy assimilated by plants.

True/False questions. Write T is the statement is true, and F is the statement is false.

1. An ecosystem contains both living and non-living components.________

2. The basic Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions predict that predators will drive the prey extinct._____________

3. A parasite usually kills its host.______________

4. In Batesian mimicry, one poisonous prey species has evolved the same warning colouration as another poisonous prey species._______________

5. As patch size increases, the ratio of interior to edge increases._______________

6. When two of more organisms use a portion of the same resource simultaneously, it is referred to as niche overlap.__________

7. The biogeochemical cycles of one ecosystem are typically independent of those of other ecosystems.______

8. There are generally few species at higher altitudes than at lower altitudes.________

9. A Type I functional response leads to regulation of the prey population by the predator. _____________

10. The phosphorus cycle has essentially no atmospheric content. ________________

11. The competitive ability of an organism remains constant even when environmental conditions change. ___________________

12. In the early stages of plant succession, shade-intolerant species are often common. _________________

Please answer the following questions:

1. Use examples to illustrate the difference between a dominant species and a keystone species

2. Explain how restoration ecology, including bioremediation and biological augmentation, helps return degraded ecosystems to near-natural pre-degraded states. Describe examples of both approaches.

Long answer questions:

1. Describe three components of biodiversity. Explain how human activities are a threat to biodiversity. Distinguish between threatened species and endangered species.

2. What is global warming? Describe the causes and consequences of global warming.

3. List the main predictions of the theory of island biogeography, and explain the reasons for those predictions.

4. Describe why most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines and thorns for defense against herbivores. Define coevolution and describe two examples.

5. Explain the difference between the two basic types of biogeochemical cycles, using specific examples of each.

6. What is the difference between deciduous and evergreen trees? List the two main types of deciduous and the two main types of evergreen leaves and where they are found. Why are they found associated with these environments?

7. Explain how it is possible for a diversity of potential competitors to coexist in the same community, despite the competitive exclusion principle.