Given: A tank with a volume (?) of 5,000 gal contains salt solution at an initial concentration (C0*) of 70,000 mg/L, but the concentration in the tank (C) needs to be reduced to 500 mg/L. Two approaches are being considered as indicated below (Alternatives 1 and 2).

Alt. 1: Flush tank with clean tap water while tank is mixed. Flowrate into the tank (QIn) and flowrate out of tank (QOut) are each 40 gpm (both flows are limited by the drain pipe capacity). If you do not derive equations used (which is not required), identify the source of the ones used with specificity; Define all variables used.

Alt. 2: First decant a portion of the salt solution at a flowrate (QOut) of 40 gpm, then replace the decanted volume with clean tapwater at a flowrate into the tank (QIn) of 100 gpm.

Required: a) Determine which method will accomplish the job in the shortest time.

b) Determine the difference in clean water used/ wastewater generated (gal.) by each method.

c) Of course our time is valuable and the importance of accomplishing the task quickly is obvious. Rather than discussing time, discuss, from the standpoint of sustainability, the importance of:

1) conserving (not wasting) clean water, and

2) minimizing the generation of waste brine (salty water) in the Central San Joaquin Valley.

Be thoughtful; Simplistic answers will not receive much credit. Include in your discussion:

the long-term outlook of groundwater reserves in the Central Valley

the challenges we face with respect to disposal of waste brine solution; what are the legal ways of doing this in the Valley? Note that it would not be legal to put brine in the sewer or percolate it into the ground due to the negative impact both would have on the groundwater.