26. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created by inserting one or more genes into an organism's genome. As you know, each gene codes for a polypeptide or protein, so by inserting a new gene we can get organisms to produce a new protein. A researcher would like to make a genetically modified cow that has more of a specific type of protein called mooglobin. What is his most likely approach? 

A) Insert a gene in the cow's genome that codes for an enzyme involved in the decomposition of mooglobin
B) Insert a gene in the cow's chloroplast that codes for a protein involved in mooglobin synthesis
C) Insert a gene in the cow's genome that codes for a carbohydrate that acts as an enzyme in mooglobin synthesis
D) Inject the cow with purified mooglobin protein daily for several weeks
E) Insert a gene in the cow's genome that codes for a protein that acts as a catalyst in mooglobin synthesis.

27. A recessive trait ________.

A) is one that not everyone in your family share
B) is only visible when organisms are heterozygous for that gene
C) is a trait that a person carries but that does not affect the phenotype 
D) appears when a person has two recessive alleles for that gene
E) is the least common variation of that trait in a population

28. An element has 35 protons and 30 neutrons. The atomic number of this element is ____

A) 1
B) 30
C) 35
D) 65
E) 5

29. Your mother is heterozygous for a dominant trait and your father is homozygous recessive for the same trait. What was your percentage change of inheriting the dominant trait? 

A) 0%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

30. The process of ______ and ______ generate genetic variation among populations, while _____ allows them to adapt to their environment.

A) sexual reproduction...natural selection...mutation
B) mutation...sexual reproduction...natural selection
C) natural selection...sexual selection...mutation
D) genetic drift...sexual reproduction...natural selection
E) natural selection....adaptation...evolution


31. The following ________ has ______ different element(s) and a total of _____ atom(s)




A) macromolecule.....4.....3
B) atom.....4......4
C) molecule......4......4
D) atom.....1.....4
E) molecule.....3......4

32. Proteins are made based on information stored in genes through the process of ______ and ______

A) respiration.........translation
B) translation..........mutation
C) transcription........translation
D) respiration......transcription
E) mRNA.........traits


33. Clownfish are protected by the sea anemones they live within, while the sea anemone gets nutrients from the clown fish's waste. This is an ex of 

A) Mutualism
B) Predation
C) Competition
D) Herbivory
E) Parasitism

34. Which macromolecule is the primary energy source for organisms? 

A) Sunlight
B) Protein
C) Fat
D) Carbohydrate
E) Nucleic acid

35. Which codon(s) makes the amino acid lysine? 

A) only AAA
B) only TTT
C) only AAG
D) TTT and AAA
E) AAA and AAG

36. In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples (d) is recessive. If a man (DD) and a woman (Dd) have four children, how many of the children will most likely have dimples?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

37. Beneficial and heritable mutations happen_______.

A) because of genetic flow
B) by chance
C) because of the need to adapt to environmental factors
D) as a result of natural selection
E) in response to selection pressure

38. Some scientists argue that viruses are non-living because 

A) evolve
B) they are able to reproduce
C) they have an organized and complex structure
D) they are not made of cells
E) all of the above

39. Which of the following statements must be *FALSE*? 

A) Species A and B belong to the same kingdom, but different phylum
B) Species A and B belong to the same phylum, but different orders
C) Species A and B belong to different orders, but the same kingdom
D) Species A and B belong to the same genus, but different phylum
E) Species A and B belong to different kingdoms, but the same domain


40. What do plants and animals have in common? They are both ______.

A) hydrophobic
B) heterotrophic
C) autotrophic
D) prokaryotic
E) eukaryotic

41. You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell does have a cell wall and a nucleus. Therefore, you conclude, it must be a _______________ cell. 

A) animal
B) plant
C) virus
D) bacteria
E) archae bacteria

42. Which organelle absorbs light energy? 

A) chlorophyll
B) cell membrane
C) mitochondria
D) chloroplast
E) endoplasmatic reticulum


43. One of the products of cellular respiration is ________.

A) water 
B) sucrose
C) glucose
D) starch
E) oxygen

44. In the scientific method, a hypothesis ____________.

A) is a statement of a scientific fact
B) is a proposed explanation based on observations
C) is a summary of scientific results
D) is a problem asked by the researcher
E) should be broad and non-specific


45. An ecologist is studying all the animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, as well as the interaction among them, in a forest? He is studying the _________ in the forest. 

A) abiotic factors
B) niche
C) biome
D) community
E) population

46. It has not rained for a couple of months, the temperature during the day is often above 90F and the plants around you have thick leathery leaves. Which biome are you most likely located in? 

A) Grasslands
B) Deciduous forest
C) Tropical rain forest
D) Boreal forest
E) Desert


47. The temperature optimum for an enzyme is 37C. What will most likely happen if you increase the temperature from 37C to 50C? 

A) The enzyme activity will not be affected
B) The pH will increase
C) The enzyme activity will increase
D) The enzyme activity will decrease
E) The pH will increase

48. Osmosis 

A) is a process that involves the movement of water
B) requires energy
C) occurs across a cell wall
D) is the movement of any molecule from high to low concentration
E) all of the above

49. When celery is placed in a glass of pure water the solution inside its cells is _____ compared to the water. 

A) selectively permeable
B) isotonic
C) hypertonic
D) hypotonic
E) hydrophobic

50. Select the statement that is ***incorrect***

A) Cells contain either DNA or RNA
B) Cell are the smallest living things
C) Cells can divide to produce new cells
D) All living organisms are composed of at least one cell
E) All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic