Question: Explain the four main stages of food processing in mammals and indicate where each process occurs along the tubular digestive tract.

Question: Describe the basic organization of the vertebrate circulatory system and list the main parts. Indicate which vertebrates have singe circulation and which vertebrates have double circulation. Describe how the differences in the anatomy of the hearts of fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds illustrate the evolution of the heart.

Question: Trace the path of filtrate through the mammalian nephron, from the point at which leaves the plasma of the blood in the glomerulus, to the point at which it enters the renal pelvis as urine. Explain how filtration, secretion, and reabsorption function in transforming the filtrate into urine. How does the nephron accomplish the important task of osmoregulation?