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The purpose of the immune system is to recognize foreign bodies and respond with the production of immune cells and proteins.
In Vertebrates innate immunity is a first response to infection and can serve as the foundation of adaptive or acquired immunity.
Invertebrates have innate immunity including the exoskeleton of chitin, digestive system with lysozymes, hemocytes which phagocytize foreign substances and bacteria.
Innate defenses include_____________________, ____________________, ___________________
Unique innate defenses for vertebrates are _________________, ___________________, __________________
Barrier defenses Include?
The 4 phagocytic cells are ________________, ________________, _________________, __________________,
Many cellular defenses involve the ______________________________system
________________________proteins interfere with viruses and help activate macrophages.
The ___________________________system causes the lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation. It is made up of about 30 proteins.
The inflammatory response includes _____________and _______________is brought about by injury of infection.
Mast cells release _________________ which causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.
Activated macrophages and Neutrophils release cytokines signaling molecules to enhance the immune response.
Inflammation can be either local or systemic. Fever is a ________________inflammatory response.
____________is a fluid rich in white blood cells (leukocytes) dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues.
The adaptive immune response relies on 2 types of white blood cells called lymphocytes. One type matures in the Thymus and is called a ____cell or lymphocyte and the other matured in the bone marrow and is called a _____cell or lymphocyte.
An antigen is a marker on the outside of a cell that enables the immune system to identify it as either foreign or self. The small accessible part of an antigen is called the _______________________________
Binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen is an early step in B cell activation which gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the protein called an antibody or ___________________________
When a cell becomes infected, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which are within the cell bind and present the antigen to the surface of the cell for T-cells to bind. Once this happens the T cell will then become active and be able to participate in adaptive immunity.
What are the 4 major characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
As Lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow or thymus, they are tested for self reactivity. If the receptors are specific for self, they are then destroyed or rendered nonfunctional.
In the body there are ________lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any particular epitope.
In the lymph nodes an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until a match is made. Once the match is made. It initiates events that activate the lymphocyte. Once activated the lymphocyte undergoes multiple divisions. This proliferation is called ______________________________.
Two types of clones are made ___________________________ and ______________________________
_____________________________is responsible for long term protection against diseases due to either a prior infection or vaccination.
The first exposure to a specific antigen represents the _______________________immune response.
In the secondary immune response ______________________cells facilitate a faster more efficient response.
The 2 branches of the acquired immune response are_______________________, and ____________________
In the ______________________response, antibodies neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the ____________and______________
In the ______________________response, specialized t cells destroy effected host cells.
A type of T cell that triggers both humoral and cell mediated immune response is called? ___________________
Signals from helper T cells _________________________________ and_________________________________
______________________T cells are the effector cell in the cell-mediated immune response. They recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells and become activated. Once activated, they proteins that disrupt membrane of the target cell and trigger__________________________________
Apoptosis is__________________________________________
The Humoral response is characterized by secretion of ____________________by B cells
In response to cytokines from helper T cells which trigger B cell proliferation and differentiation into memory B cells and antibody secreting effector cells called______________________________
Do antibodies kill pathogens?
What do antibodies do?
_______________________is when antibodies bind to viral surface proteins preventing infections of host cells.
Antibodies may also bind to toxins in the body and prevent them from entering the cells.
_______________________is when antibodies bind ot antigens on bacteria creating a target for macrophages or neutrophils for phagocytosis.
Antigen-Antibody complexes may bind a compliment protein - which triggers a compliment cascade of activation.
Ultimately, a membrane attack complex forms a pore in the membrane of the foreign cell leading ot lysis.
What are the 5 different forms or classes of immunoglobulins?
______________________immunity develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection
______________________ can develop in response to infection, or immunization and vaccination.
______________________provides immediate short term immunity and is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta or when IgA passes to the infant in breast milk.
Cells transferred from person to another can cause an immune response.
______________________are an exaggerated (hypersensitivity) response to antigens referred to as an allergen. In localized allergies such as hay fever, _________antibodies produced after first exposure.
The next time the allergen enters the body it binds to a __________cell which releases _____________________ which lead to the typical allergy reactions.
When the body attacks itself it is known was what type of disease.
5 autoimmune diseases are?
How does exertion and stress effect the immune system?
Immunodeficiency diseases result from?
When a virus lays dormant in the body not causing disease or not causing an immune response is?
HIV virus attack what type of T cells?
How does HIV elude the immune system?

Biology, Academics

Category:- Biology
Reference No.:- M9355388

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