Question 1: Explain in detail the countercurrent multiplier system. What structures of the nephron does it occur in and how does it result in the concentration of urine?

Question 2: Describe in detail the forces that are in play that result in glomerular filtration. Include in your answer all individual pressures involved and physical barriers that the blood products perfuse to become glomerular filtrate. Lastly, describe how the composition of the filtrate compares to that of the blood.

Question 3: You have just opened your new urology clinic - Kidneys-R-Us - and have the unpleasant task of informing your patient - Johnny B. Good - that he has a rare genetic disease whereby he does not produce anti-diuretic hormone. Being the thorough clinician that you are, explain to Johnny the effects this disease is going to have on his kidneys, the location that will be affected, as well as his general prognosis for the future.

Question 4: Describe the life of a sperm cell from spermatogenesis to ejaculation. Include in your answer the role of spermatagonium, the basic processes of spermatogenesis, the anatomical structures this occurs, where sperm are stored and the pathway they take upon ejaculation. Include in your answer the contribution of the accessory sex glands and the role that they play.