problem 1)(a)(i) Define ‘Biomaterial’. Mention the uses of biomaterials with exs.

(ii) What is dental amalgam? State the purpose of alloying a dental metal, with suitable exs.

(iii) prepare the monomers of nylon 66.

(b) Give the composition of the following

(i) Nitinol

(ii) ALCAP ceramic

(iii) Vicryl, and also describe the surface- reactive ceramics in detail.

(c) Ethene was polymerized by radical polymerization and the degree of polymerization of polythene was found to be 1000. The number of molecules of ethene in original sample was 6.02 x 10²³. find out the number of molecules of polythene produced.

problem 2)(a) describe in detail the Gylcolide-derived biodegradable polymers having ether linkage.

(b) Illustrate with an ex, the mechanism of addition and condensation polymerization.

(c) (i) Why is PVC generally plasticized? Give two exs of plasticizers.

(ii) describe in detail any four matrix forms of collagen.

problem 3)(a) Mention the different types of non-blood interfacing implants used for soft tissues and describe any two in detail.

(b) What is Wolff’s law of bone remodeling? Also describe in detail about the ‘screws’ that are used in hard tissue replacements.

(c) List the materials and properties of the different biomaterials that are used in internal fixations and also mention the applications of each material.

problem 4)(a) How is insulin administered using syringes & pens, reservoirs, depots & sprays?

(b) Illustrate the endocrine functioning of pancreas.

(c) (i) describe the functioning of the hollow fiber hemodialyzer with the help of a neat diagram.

(ii) What is renal insufficiency?

problem 5)(a) Draw the necessary figures and describe the morphology of a liver.

(b) Obtain the expressions for the permeability of the membrane in an artificial kidney associated with different types of flow of blood and dialysate.

(c)(i) Discuss the liver support system, which is found to be the best compared to the systems associated with hemodialysis and hemofiltration.

(ii) Compare modified haemoglobin and fluorocarbons as artificial oxygen carriers.

problem 6)(a) Give the details of all the processes involved in tubular reabsorption.

(b) How is immunoisolation of xenogeneic islets done? Illustrate with an application.

(c)(i) List out the functions of a liver.

(ii) How can crystalloids be used as volume expanders.