Why do microbes use fermentation? What occurs during fermentation?

1. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.?
1. How do antibiotics work? Why do they kill pathogens without harming us?
2. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. How does the membrane work to prevent/allow molecules to move in and out of cells? Define in your own words: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
3. Name and sketch the three common morphologies of microbial cells.
4. What is peptidoglycan? Describe the pieces that make-up peptidoglycan. Describe and sketch the structure of peptidoglycan. [THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT!]
5. Sketch and describe the structure of a gram positive cell wall and a gram negative cell wall. Contrast the two. [NOTE: This is one of the most important concepts in microbiology that we will never be done with during this semester. LEARN IT NOW! This will also definitely be on your exam...]
6. Describe Mycobacterium with Mycolic acid.
7. What is a glycocalyx? What are the two types?
8. One prokaryotic feature not mentioned in the text is called fimbriae. Fimbriae are short protein, hair-like projections that help bacteria attach to surfaces. Sometimes these are called pili but fimbriae is a newer, more precise term for this structure.
9. Another prokaryotic feature not mentioned in the text is a pilus. A pilus allows one bacterium to connect to another bacterium and exchange DNA in a process called conjugation. This allows bacteria to acquire genes from other bacteria.
10. Read page 294 (old and new book) about biofilms. Biofilms are made by bacteria with fimbriae that secrete a glycocalyx. Describe one place you can find a biofilm.
11. What three parts compose a prokaryotic flagellum? What is the purpose?
12. What is taxis? Describe negative chemotaxis in non-scientific terms.
13. Where do bacteria store their DNA? What type of DNA do bacteria have? What do bacteria use to build proteins?
14. What allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions? What is this made of? How is this structure formed? Which genera of bacteria can form this structure?
15. What is an organelle? Which type of cell has organelles: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?
16. Name the main purpose (in just a few words) of the following Eukaryotic organelles:
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Cytoskeleton
d. Flagella & cilia
e. Mitochondria
f. Chloroplast
g. Golgi body
h. Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
i. Vesicles (including perioxisomes and lysosomes)
17. What is the endosymbiotic theory? Which organelles does this apply to?
18. Prokaryotes have both a glycocalyx and a cell wall. Eukaryotes like plants have a ______________ but not a _______________. Eukaryotes like animals have a _____________ but not a _____________.