Chemical Composition and Nutritive Values
The nutritional quality of an oil meal protein will be affected by the processing conditions to which it is been exposed. Three major factors that affect the nutritional quality are the amino acid composition, amino acid availability and the presence of anti-nutritional factors.
|
Feedstuff
|
Total available
Ingredient
|
Total by- product available
|
Extraction rate (%)
|
Nature of by-product
|
|
Sal seed
|
5504
|
4806
|
87.5
|
Extraction
|
|
Mahua seed
|
2176
|
1414
|
65.0
|
Cake
|
|
Neem seed
|
418
|
334
|
80.0
|
Cake
|
|
Rubber seed
|
336
|
117
|
35.0
|
Cake
|
|
Karanj
|
111
|
81
|
73.0
|
Cake
|
|
Kusum
|
105
|
70
|
67.0
|
Cake
|
|
Khankan,Undi,Nahar,
|
102
|
59
|
41.0
|
Cake
|
The nature of a protein in a particular oil seed is relatively constant but that the cake or meal derived from it may vary depending upon the method of processing employed for the removal of the oil. Extremes of temperatures and pressures of the expeller processing may result in lowering of digestibility and the denaturation of proteins with a consequent lowering of nutritive value.Solvent extraction does not involve pressing, temperatures are comparatively low and protein value of meals is almost same as that of the original seed. The average chemical composition of 8 important oil seed extractions/ meals is presented
|
Source
|
Protein
|
Ether extract
|
Fiber
|
N-free extract
|
Ash
|
|
Groundnut
|
40.8
|
9.0
|
5.8
|
38.2
|
6.2
|
|
Coconut(exp)
|
20.9
|
5.8
|
10.5
|
46.2
|
6.5
|
|
Rapeseed (exp)
|
35.2
|
7.0
|
15.5
|
29.5
|
6.8
|
|
Rapeseed (sol)
|
40.5
|
1.1
|
9.3
|
33.9
|
7.2
|
|
Safflower (sol)
|
19.8
|
0.3
|
40.1
|
28.5
|
4.5
|
|
Sesame (exp)
|
38.7
|
10.8
|
6.4
|
26.9
|
9.7
|
|
Sesame (sol)
|
45.1
|
0.7
|
5.2
|
32.0
|
13.2
|
|
Sunflower(exp)
|
41.0
|
7.6
|
13.0
|
24.6
|
6.8
|
Oil meals contribute to more than half of the total protein in the diet of dairy animals. The increased demand for protein is likely to lead to increased protein scarcity and cost in feeding of dairy animals. The per cent CP and ME values of 13 important oil seeds meals commonly available in the country are presented
|
Oil seed meal
|
Crude protein(%)
|
ME (Mcal/Kg)
|
|
Soybean meal
|
46
|
2.88
|
|
Rape seed meal
|
38
|
2.52
|
|
Sunflower meal
|
30
|
2.34
|
|
Coconut meal
|
28
|
2.52
|
|
Niger cake
|
33
|
2.70
|
|
Sesame/Gingelly cake
|
35
|
2.88
|
|
Groundnut meal
|
48
|
2.52
|
|
Cotton seed meal
|
36
|
2.50
|
|
Mahua seed cake
|
19
|
1.44
|
|
Saffolower
|
22
|
1.44
|
|
Salseed meal
|
9
|
1.98
|
|
Linseed meal
|
30
|
2.16
|
|
Karanja cake
|
32
|
2.60
|
The soybean meal, groundnut meal, rape seed meal, sesame oil meal and cotton seed meal can be grouped under high protein sources (35 to 45% CP) , while sunflower meal, coconut meal, niger seed meal, linseed meal, safflower meal etc. are medium protein sources ( 25 to 35% CP). Most of the oil meals stand next only to cereals in providing the metobolizable energy to the livestock.
Perusal of available research data reveal that wide variation exists among the various
unconventional feedstuffs with respect to their DCP and TDN values which reflecting further on their level of feeding in different livestock species which is further influenced by the toxic factor (s) present in the each of the feedstuffs
|
Feedstuff
|
D C P
|
T D N
|
Level of Feeding Toxic Factor(s)
|
|
Ambadi cake
|
18.7
|
63.8
|
20% (calves)
|
nil
|
|
Castor bean meal
|
8.8
|
57.9
|
10% (sheep)
|
Ricin (0.22%)
|
|
Karanj cake
|
25.5
|
62.0
|
15% (calves and
|
Karanjine (10 to 15
|
|
|
|
|
lactating cows)
|
mg per 100g)
|
|
Kusum cake
|
14.73
|
79.62
|
35% ( calves)17%
|
HCN2.4 mg for
|
|
|
|
|
(broilers)
|
100g
|
|
Mango seed kernels
|
6.1
|
70.0
|
10% (milch cattle)
|
Tannins 5 to 6 %
|
|
Mahuva seed cake
|
9.3
|
49.8
|
20% (calves)
|
Mowrin (19%)
|
|
Niger seed cake
|
32.7
|
49.4
|
57% (calves)
|
Nil
|
|
Rubber seed cake
|
18.6
|
66.0
|
25 to 30% (calves and
|
HCN (9mg for 100
|
|
|
|
|
milch cattle)
|
g)
|
|
Sal seed meal
|
1
|
57.8
|
10% (milch cattle)
|
Tannic acid
|
|
|
|
|
|
(8 to 10%)
|