BIOL241 Assignment - Genes and the Genome, Gene Expression from Transcription to Translation

Questions:

Question 1. The human genome contains an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes. Through evolution, some genes are duplicated whereas others evolve via the consequence of environmental pressures. Identify a model gene where this is the case and propose a mechanism for its evolution.

Question 2. Crime labs utilize the genetic differences between individuals in DNA fingerprinting to identify suspects. The test is based on probabilities and therefore, it is a very accurate method. Describe a different and comparable method that can be used where a MALE suspect DNA is analyzed.

Question 3. The addition of a nucleotide into the DNA of an organism has resulted in a frameshift mutation.  Since this is only one nucleotide added to the DNA, explain possible outcomes and how would this change transcription and translation? Provide the details of at least one example disease that is caused by a frameshift mutation.

Question 4. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, ribosomes carry out translation of newly synthesized messenger RNA. Before subunits of the ribosome can carry out translation, a start site on the message must be identified. The process varies between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the case of prokaryotes, how does the small ribosomal subunit identify the initiation site? Explain the process in eukaryotes.