Q1. Glucose (C6H12O6) could exist as both an open-chain form and a closed-ring form. Before 1900, glucose was only thought to occur as an open chain. At the present we know that over 99 percent of the time, glucose occurs in the closed-ring form. What likely difference between these forms would give chemists a clue that the open-chain form was not present?

Q2. Imagine you have just purchased black stallion of unknown genotype. You mate him to a red mare, and she delivers twin foals, one red and one black. Can you tell from these results how colour is inherited, assume that alternative alleles of a single gene are involved? What crosses might you do to work this out?