Assignment

1) What is a gene?
A) a type of eukaryotic cell
B) an organelle that houses DNA
C) a type of prokaryotic cell
D) a type of animal cell
E) a unit of heredity

2) Which of the following is a scientific conclusion based on knowing that humans and bacteria share a common genetic language?
A) Humans and bacteria have the same number of genes.
B) Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor.
C) The cells of both humans and bacteria store their DNA in a nucleus.
D) The same genetic code was created for humans as for bacteria.
E) Bacteria will eventually develop into humans.

3) What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?
A) There is no difference between them.
B) Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions.
C) Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning.
D) Discovery science leads from the specific to the general, whereas hypothesis-driven science leads from the general to the specific.
E) Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not.

4) What are eukaryotic genes composed of?
A) A B) RNA C) C D) G E) DNA

5) Which of the following is a producer?
A) dog
B) sun
C) cat
D) earthworm
E) house plant

6) Which of these is a hypothesis?
A) My car is too old to function properly.
B) If my car does not start and I recharge the battery, then my car will start.
C) What is wrong with my car?
D) My car's battery is dead.
E) My car will not start.

7) What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system?
A) A tissue cannot exist unless it is a component of an organ system, whereas an organ system can exist independently of tissues.
B) Tissues are not considered to be living, whereas organ systems are considered to be living.
C) The tissue level of organization is more inclusive than the organ system level.
D) Tissues are not composed of cells; organ systems are composed of cells.
E) An organ system includes tissues.

8) Adjacent water molecules are connected by the .
A) sharing of electrons between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule
B) sharing of electrons between hydrogens of adjacent water molecules
C) electrical attraction between the hydrogens of adjacent water molecules
D) sharing of electrons between adjacent oxygen molecules
E) electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

9) An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) .
A) ion
B) compound
C) molecule
D) radioisotope
E) isotope

10) Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the , the water is the , and the sweetened water is the .
A) solution . . . solute . . . solvent
B) solvent . . . solute . . . solution
C) solution . . . solvent . . . solute
D) solute . . . solvent . . . solution
E) solvent . . . solution . . . solute

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather, her hair plastered to her head, sweat clinging to her arms, and her legs already feeling as if they had nothing left, just dead weight. After grabbing a cup of ice water, she feels the ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. In these last few miles, the breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drips of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels more pain as the sweat flows into her eyes.

11) Sweat remained on Heather's forehead and arms because of the .
A) high evaporative cooling effect of water
B) cohesive nature of water
C) ability of water to act as a solvent
D) high salt content of sweat
E) ability of water to moderate heat

12) The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by bonds.
A) osmotic
B) ionic
C) hydrogen
D) covalent
E) hydrolytic

13) In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together?
K + Cl → K+ + Cl- → KCl
A) hydrophilic
B) ionic
C) hypertonic
D) covalent
E) hydrophobic

14) Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element?
A) sulfur
B) iodine
C) calcium
D) hydrogen
E) phosphorus

15) The consumption of sugar is a major cause of .
A) gout
B) cancer
C) rheumatoid arthritis
D) acne
E) tooth decay

16) A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly, and at the same time you notice that your friend has become very irritable and depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take .
A) ephedra
B) amino acid supplements
C) protein powder
D) creatine
E) an anabolic steroid

17) A protein's function is dependent on its .
A) size
B) temperature
C) shape
D) pH
E) weight

18) The linear sequence of monomers in a polypeptide chain is referred to as its structure.
A) tertiary
B) pentamerous
C) secondary
D) primary
E) quaternary

19) Amino acids consist of .
A) a central hydrogen, a nitrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group
B) a central nitrogen, a carbon atom, an amino group, and a carbonyl group
C) a central hydrogen, a nitrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group
D) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group
E) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group

20) Saturated fats are saturated with .
A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) phosphorus
E) nitrogen

21) Proteins are polymers constructed from monomers.
A) 5-carbon ring
B) nucleotide
C) hydrocarbon
D) amino acid
E) peptide

22) Tay-Sachs disease results from lacking a specific type of lipid- digesting enzyme.
A) the Golgi apparatus
B) mitochondria
C) lysosomes
D) the endoplasmic reticulum
E) the plasma membrane

23) When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they _ .
A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
B) are capable of violating the second law of thermodynamics
C) do not spontaneously form membranes when mixed with water
D) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to their hydrophobic fatty acid tails
E) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water

24) When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of cell.
A) fungal
B) plant
C) prokaryotic
D) animal
E) eukaryotic

25) Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in cells.
A) lung
B) brain
C) muscle
D) liver
E) intestinal

26) In plant cells, contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.
A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) lysosomes
E) central vacuoles

27) In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?
A) nucleoplasm
B) cytosol
C) gene
D) phospholipid bilayer
E) cytoplasm

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago.

28) What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts?
A) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them.
B) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.
C) A double membrane surrounds mitochondria and a single membrane surrounds chloroplasts.
D) Only mitochondria have their own DNA.
E) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts.

29) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is .
A) isotonic to its environment
B) metabolically inactive
C) hypertonic to its environment
D) hypotonic to its environment
E) dead

30) Ozygen crosses a plasma membrane by .
A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) active transport
D) osmosis
E) passive transport

31) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires and moves a substance its concentration gradient.
A) energy and transport proteins . . . down
B) transport proteins . . . against
C) transport proteins . . . down
D) energy and transport proteins . . . against
E) energy . . . down

32) Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? lactose + lactase + water → lactase + glucose + fructose
A) lactose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) lactase
E) There is no substrate in this reaction.

33) The energy of motion is energy.
A) potential
B) created
C) stored
D) conserved
E) kinetic

34) In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will .
A) experience turgor
B) shrivel
C) neither gain nor lose water
D) lyse
E) lose water

35) An enzyme's function is dependent on its .
A) size
B) shape
C) weight
D) pH
E) temperature

36) The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is .
A) ATP
B) lactic acid
C) oxygen
D) carbon dioxide
E) NAD+

37) Aerobic means with .
A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) ATP
D) carbohydrate
E) light

38) Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
A) cytosol
B) within the fluid just inside the inner mitochondrial membrane
C) along the outside of the outer mitochondrial membrane
D) ER
E) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

39) In metabolic terms, dogs are best described as .
A) obligate aerobes
B) facultative anaerobes
C) obligate anaerobes
D) facultative aerobes
E) producers

40) The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to .
A) a canoe going over a waterfall
B) playing Ping-Pong
C) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump
D) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs
E) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time

41) Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that .
A) the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration
B) the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol
C) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen
D) the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol
E) none of the above

42) Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about
years ago.
A) 4.5 billion
B) 500 million
C) 1.5 billion
D) 2.5 billion
E) 3.5 billion

Refer to the accompanying figure to answer the following question(s).

43) One of the compounds that is a direct output of the Calvin cycle is.
A) C6H12O6
B) G3P
C) O2
D) ATP
E) NADPH

44) C4 plants conserve water by .
A) keeping their stomata closed most of the time
B) shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem
C) growing very deep roots
D) incorporating CO2 into RuBP
E) running the Calvin cycle at night

45) Which of these colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?
A) blue
B) orange
C) violet
D) red
E) green

46) What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall?
A) RuBP
B) chlorophyll b
C) carotenoids
D) chlorophyll a
E) phycoerythrin

47) How many molecules of glucose are produced by each cycle of the light reaction?
A) four B) three C) two D) zero E) one

48) Oxygen is highly corrosive; therefore, which of the following would provide definitive evidence of large amounts of O2 in the atmosphere?
A) the presence, in the fossil record, of cells with chloroplasts
B) the presence, in the fossil record, of cells with mitochondria
C) mass extinction
D) rust
E) the presence of cyanobacteria in the fossil record

49) In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the .
A) thylakoid membrane
B) inner chloroplast membrane
C) endomembrane
D) stromal membrane
E) outer chloroplast membrane

50) Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
A) sucrose
B) starch
C) maltose
D) fructose
E) glucose.