Article: Safety and Effectiveness of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy during the First Year of Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Rwandan Children: A Prospective Study

Philippe R. Mutwa1,2*, Kimberly R. Boer2,6, Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera2 , Diane Tuyishimire7, Narcisse Muganga1, Joep M. A. Lange2, Janneke van de Wijgert2,3,4, Anita Asiimwe8, Peter Reiss2,Sibyl P. M. Geelen2,5

Summary

You will first give a summary of what the paper was about. Divide your synopsis into the following 5 sections:
1. Background/Introduction
2. Study Hypothesis
3. Experimental design/methodology
4. Results
5. Conclusions

Critique

After you have described the details of the paper in a summary form, you will offer a critique. Please note, this is actually the most important part of your paper. I am looking to see if you understood what you read and then thought about how you might have perhaps improved the study or thought about the results differently.

In the critique section, you should address:

1. Additional hypotheses or scientific questions that could be drawn or examined given the results of the current study

2. Advantages/disadvantages/limitations of the paper's experimental approach

In writing the critique, you should refer to information from other literature that is available on the same topics. You should cite at least 3 different paapers on this topic. To find the other papers, you can either look up some of the references from the bibliography section of the paper you are review and/or use Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez), do a literature search to find other primary articles or review papers on the same topic. See what others have written about or the types of studies others have done when critiquing the paper you have chosen for your assignment.

Part 1:

a. at are the modes by which HIV can be transmitted?

b. What are some modes that some people believe HIV might be transmitted, but has not yet been shown/proven and not thought to be a mechanism of transmission?

c. Is this virus one that is considered to be "easily transmitted"? Explain your answer.

Part 2

a. What is the main mode of transmission worldwide?

b. What is the main mode of HIV transmission in the United States?

c. Which mode of HIV transmission is associated with the highest risk of HIV infection (from person to person)?

d. Which mode of HIV transmission is associated with the lowest risk of HIV infection (from person to person)?

e. Explain the difference between what I've asked you to discuss in questions a & b versus what you are discussing in questions c & d.

part 3

a. When talking about HIV exposure, to what does the acronym PEP refer?

b. When is PEP indicated?

c. What is PrEP?

d. What medication(s) are being considered for PrEP?

e. For whom might PrEP be recommended?

f. What are some potential pitfalls in using PEP and/or PrEP for HIV prevention?

Part 4

a. At which points during (or after) pregnancy can an HIV-infected mother transmit HIV to her baby?

b. Are all points associated with an equal risk of transmission?

c. List 3 factors that have been associated with increasing risk for HIV transmission during (or post) pregnancy.

d. List 3 measures that have been scientifically shown to reduce risk of HIV transmission during the different points of pregnancy.

e. What is the rate of mother-to-child transmission in the U.S.? Globally?

Part 5

a. List and describe 3 major factors in the viral life cycle that contribute to viral diversity.

b. What is the major (pick 1) subtype that is circulating in sub-Saharan Africa?

c. What is the major (pick 1) subtype that is circulating in the U.S./Europe?