a) What is the final result of a successful conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell. b) What is the final result of a successful conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell? c) What is the final result of a successful conjugation between an F' (prime) factor and an F- cell? d) How are prime factors formed? e) Could you please consider the production of transducing particles, using T4 (Lytic) and lambda phage (Lysogeny) as the examples of generalized transduction and SPECIALIZED transduction: What is the difference in the bacterial DNA each transducing particle would carry? (consider SPECIALIZED vs generalized)

Please describe in step-by-step, the Ames Test. And please also answer the question.

a. How does this depend on the ratio of mutation rate and mutation reversion rate? In a natural environment with minimal toxins, which rate is normally higher? Use this to describe the assay.

b. If the substance tested is mutagenic, what would the resulting plate containing his- media look like? And if it were not mutagenic?

c. Why would homogenized liver be used in the media? What could be the result if liver is not used? d. Is this assay used before or after animal testing? Why?

Do you know why are Thymidylate synthetase, Dihydrofolate reductase, and DNA gyrase all great TARGETS for antibiotics for treatment of some bacterial? What is the function of each of those enzymes?

a. Do you know the difference between a composite and a noncomposite transposon? b. Which one is able to be cut from both the outside ends and inside ends?

a. please describe the SOS global repair response SYSTEM. b. What initiates this? and How? Please Include the negative regulatory element. c. please describe methyltransferase and its role in this SOS response.