2) It has been stated that an aortic: valve should be replaced when (aortic orifice area) (body surface area) 0.4 cm2/m2.

A) low might the orifice area he reduced'?

H) I low does the answer in "A" affect the total aortic valve area?

C) What is the clinical reasoning behind dividing by the total body area?

4) You Explain "closing volume", and how it will vary from normal to someone with emphysema, In addition, explain why the method used to determine "closing volume" is better than a spirometer to evaluate lung issues.

7) For a normal patient, how might a venous occlusion plethsymography test change between a study taken after resting and one taken just after walking for 10 minutes? Include an example of the plethysmograph curve for each situation.

8) (A) Decreased aortic compliance means (pick one and explain):

1) decreased stiffness, resulting in increased resistance;

2) increased change in cross-sectional area for a given pressure increase;

3) increased stiffness, resulting in increased mean aortic pressure fur the same cardiac output:

4) increased stiffness, resulting in a decrease in mean aortic

pressure for the same cardiac output:

or

5) decreased stiffness, resulting in a decrease in mean aortic pressure.

(13) Systemic vascular resistance is most influenced by (pick one and explain):

1) radius of the aorta;

2) radius of the medium-sized arteries;

3) blood viscosity;

4) percentage of patent (open) capillaries;

or

5) radius of the arterioles.

10)(A) List and (briefly) describe at least six unrelated requirements that should he satisfied in the design of a "perfect" aortic valve. (In other words, don't just rewrite one requirement in different ways,)  Explain what the respiratory dead space is.