1)What is the purpose of having these "holes"? What gases enter/ exit this hole? The guard cells control the size of the stomata by swelling and shrinking.

2) What is the mechanism for the swelling and shrinking that take place here? (Hint: Guard cells are specialized cells that have a plasma membrane barrier and the ability to control the solute level inside/ outside of the cell.)

1) Describe the effect of a nondisjunction event in the first division and one in the second in your own words.

2) Choose a syndrome that results from nondisjunction.

3) For the syndrome: Describe the specific anomaly, the affects that are known, any factors that may increase the occurrence of this abnormality, and the percent of the population that demonstrate this chromosome number abnormality.