1) The cell can transfer the high energy electrons from NADH into the mitochondria using either the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate-aspartate shuttle. Explain one of these two shuttles with a diagram and make sure to include details of total ATP yield. Show the structures or names of the molecules involved and also their cellular location (inside or outside the mitochondria).

2) Draw a diagram of the four complexes (complex I, II, III, IV) involved in oxidative phosphorylation, including the including details of how many protons are pumped by the transfer of two electrons through each complex, location of the mobile electron carriers involved, and the names of the enzymes that form each complex.

Include details of one poison that can block electron transfer somewhere in this chain, showing the reaction blocked and a substrate that can be added to bypass the blockage. The mobile electron carriers for electron transport are NADH, FADH2, Q, cytochrome C and O2.

3) What is the effect of high AMP levels on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? Explain the cellular rationale for this effect.