1. Respiration actually is the process of:
a. Sucking air into the lungs
b. Converting glucose into ATP by tissue cells
c. Blowing air out of the lungs
d. Gas exchange between two or more body compartments

2. Ventilation is the process of:
a. Gas exchange between one body compartment and another
b. Removing acid from the intestine
c. Blowing out stale air, and sucking in fresh air
d. Creating new pulmonary tissue via mitosis

3. Gas exchange occurring between the blood in systemic capillaries and fluid within tissue cells:
a. Hyperventilation
b. Acid-base balance
c. External respiration
d. Internal respiration

4. The actual places of gas exchange within the gills of fish:
a. Operculum
b. Lung surface
c. Bone surfaces within the gill arches
d. Thin plates on the gill filaments

5. The scientific name for the voice box:
a. Trachea
b. Epiglottis
c. Larynx
d. Pharynx

6. If the lower respiratory pathway can be compared to an inverted olive tree, then the "olives" on this tree are actually represented by the:
a. Primary bronchi
b. Bronchioles
c. Alveoli
d. Pulmonary capillaries

7. An increase in the intra-alveolar pressure above the total atmospheric pressure would most likely result in:
a. Sucking of air into the lungs
b. Severe hypoventilation
c. Blowing of air out of the lungs
d. Paralysis of the diaphragm muscle

8. The critical first event in human inspiration:
a. Collapse of the alveoli
b. Relaxation of the diaphragm muscle
c. Muscular constriction of the windpipe
d. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle

9. A person with normal lungs usually doesn't have to make a lot of effort to inspire more air, just after making an expiration. An important reason for this fact is that:
a. Each person usually has plenty of ATP to spare
b. The VC is so large that a regular expiration makes no difference in it
c. TLC = VC + RV
d. The residual volume keeps the alveoli partially inflated at all times

10. A key linkage between CO2 and blood acidity is the:
a. Carrying of oxygen by hemoglobin
b. Release of nitrogen from tissue cells during their metabolism
c. Combination of carbon dioxide with H 2 O in thousands of erythrocytes
d. Activation of acid-forming enzymes within blood leukocytes

11. If pH decreases, PCO2 increases, or temperature increases, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
a. Increases.
b. Decreases.
c. Remains unchanged.

12. The Hering-Breuer reflex
a. Inhibits inspiration.
b. Stimulates inspiration.
c. Occurs in response to changes in carbon dioxide in the blood.
d. Both b and c

13. The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is
a. Bicarbonate level in the blood.
b. Oxygen level in the blood.
c. CO2 level in the blood.
d. Hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.
14. At the end of normal inspiration, which of these pressures is the most negative?
a. alveolar
b. barometric
c. partial
d. pleural
e. tracheal

15. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the respiratory membrane and into and out of cells by the process of
a. Active transport.
b. Co-transport.
c. Diffusion.
d. Exocytosis.
e. Facilitated diffusion.

16. Which of these conditions produces increased compliance of the lungs?
a. Airway obstruction
b. Emphysema
c. Fibrosis of lungs
d. Pulmonary edema
e. All of these

17. Most carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood.
a. Bicarbonate ions
b. Carbamino compounds (including carbaminohemoglobin)
c. Dissolved in plasma
d. Carbon monoxide
e. Carbonic acid

18. Hyperventilation produces which of these effects?
a. Decreased blood PCO2
b. Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
c. Decreased blood pressure
d. Increase in pH
e. All of these

19. Which of these factors increases respiratory rate?
a. Increased blood PCO2
b. Increased blood pH
c. Increased blood PO2
d. Increased pH of cerebrospinal fluid
e. All of these

20. In the chloride shift, chloride ions exchange places with
a. Bicarbonate ions.
b. Sodium ions.
c. Potassium ions.
d. Hydrogen ions.
e. Hemoglobin.