1. How did the theory of biogenesis lead the way for the germ theory of disease?
3. In 1864, Lister observed that patients recovered completely from simple fractures, but compound fractures had "disastrous consequences." He knew that the application of phenol (carbolic acid) to fields in the town of Carlisle prevented cattle disease. In 1864, Lister treated compound fractures with phenol, and his patients recovered without complications. How was Lister influenced by Pasteur's work? Why was Koch's work still needed?
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5. When you blow bubbles into a glass of water, the following reactions take place:??????
What type of reaction is A?

What does reaction B tell you about the type of molecule H2CO3 is?
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The antibiotic amphotericin B causes leaks in cells by combining with sterols in the plasma membrane. Would you expect to use amphotericin B against a bacterial infection? A fungal infection? Offer a reason why amphotericin B has severe side effects in humans.

8. List and describe each step in the Gram staining procedure. Furthermore, describe how or why Gram staining works and give an ex of a Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganism.
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10. In a Gram stain, one step could be omitted and still allow differentiation between gram-positive and gram-negative cells. What is that one step and how will the two categories of bacteria appear?
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12. Using a good compound light microscope with a resolving power of 0.3 µm, a 10X ocular lens, and a 100X oil immersion lens, would you be able to discern two objects separated by 3 µm? 0.3 µm? 300 nm? Why would, or wouldn't, you be able to do this with the presented microscope?
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Why isn't the Gram stain used on acid-fast bacteria? describe your answer.

14. Why can prokaryotic cells be smaller than eukaryotic cells and still carry on all of the functions of life?
Distinguish clearly between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, giving exs of each type of cell.