1) Define the synaptic mechanism of epilepsy:

2) Identify 9 molecular targets of anti-convulsant therapy

3) Define the chemical basis (deficit or excess of synaptic mechanism) for major depression and mania (50 words max ea).

4) identify 3 molecular targets of anti-depressant therapy:

• All: Name a drug used in the treatment of mania; how the drugs works is still debated, maybe decreasing amine transduction.

- List at least 5 alternative molecular targets of anti-convulsant therapy.
30%

- iIllustrate the location of the pre- and postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory ligand operated channels, voltage operated channels and targets of indirect agonists involved.
30

Give named examples of at least 3 anti-seizure drugs and describe how the drugs work.
30%

Define alloimmunisation and explain the prophylactic use of anti-D

Define NHIG and it uses- distinguish HNIG from vaccines and specific immunization

Explain how the spread of the infection within a population can be limited by immunization and other measures and the consequences of a zoonotic disease pool for herd-immunity.

a. What are the characteristics of the resting and excited states of an excitable cell in terms of membrane polarization and calcium level?

b. How is the resting level of the cell established, which transports are responsible and how?

c. Define ligand-operated channels (LOC) explaining how they alter excitability?

d. Define voltage-operated channels (VOC) explaining how they alter excitability?

e. Define and give examples of allosteric modulation of transmitters receptors?

f. Which factors influence vaccine efficacy?

ILO: Classification of receptors as ionotropic and metabotropic

1) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) GABA acts on GABA A receptors that are metabotropic
b) Dopaminergic (DA) receptors include ionotropic (DA2) and metabotropic (DA5) classes
c) Glutamate operates ionotropic chloride channels
d) Adrenergic receptors include ionotropic and metabotropic classes
e) Serotonergic (5HT) receptors include an ionotropic class (5HT3)

ILO: Allosteric modulatory site of Glutamate receptor

2) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) Therapy for stroke decreases calcium entry through NMDA receptors
b) Therapy for stroke includes antagonists of the agonist binding site on the NMDA receptor
c) AMPA receptors do not have an allosteric modulatory site at which GABA binds
d) Therapy for stroke includes antagonists of the allosteric binding site on the NMDA receptor
e) NMDA receptors have an allosteric modulatory site at which GABA binds

3) Which glutamate receptor is important in the pathology of hyperalgesia, epilepsy (seizure) and stroke?

a) AMPA
b) Kainate
c) mGlu1
d) mGlu7
e) NMDA

4) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Amines transmitters include noradrenaline, dopamine and histamine but not serotonin
b) A majority of brain nerves synthesise catecholamines
c) A minority of brain circuits are influenced by catecholamines
d) alpha adrenergic receptors are ionotropic
e) Pre-synaptic alpha 2 auto-receptors close Ca++ channels or open K+ channels to mediate inhibition

10) Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

a) The resting membrane potential of a nerve is approximately zero mV
b) At rest the membrane potential inside a nerve is positive relative to the outside
c) The sodium/potassium pump (Na/K-ATPase) takes up Na into the cell and expels K from the cell
d) The sodium/potassium pump (Na/K-ATPase) is electrogenic because if transports less Na than K
e) When a cell is depolarised the voltage across its plasma membrane is lowered from rest

11) Which voltage operated channel does NOT elicit depolarisation by its activation?
a) Ionotropic GABA-A receptor channel
b) Ionotropic nicotinic (nACh) receptor channel
c) Na/K ATPase
d) Sodium channel, INa
e) Potassium channel, IK

12) Which molecule does NOT normally hyperpolarise the cell by its activation:

a) Ionotropic GABA-A receptor channel
b) Na/K ATPase.
c) Potassium channel, IK
d) Chloride channel, ICl
e) Calcium channel, Ica

13) Which of the following statements is UNTRUE?

a) Potassium can flow out of the cell down its concentration gradient.
b) Calcium can flow into the cell from outside or from intracellular membrane compartments where it is stored.
c) A depolarised signal spreads in the plasma membrane of excited presynaptic and postsynaptic nerves.
d) Action potentials spread in nerves using sodium and potassium channels.
e) Raised level of intracellular sodium is the second messenger controlling presynaptic vesicle release.