1. Which class of chemical messenger facilitates WBC formation in bone marrow?
  A Interleukins 

  b. tumor necrotic factors

c. colony stimulating factors 

d. Interferons

2. Often a virus infected cell will release ___________to prevent spread of the infection.
a. histamine 

b. Interferon 

c. compliment 

d. perforni

3. In the classical pathway of complement activation:
a. compliment is activated within liver cells & released into the blood
b. complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance
c. complement bonds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall
d. complement inhibits inflammation & binds to apianins

4. A membrane attack complex is a protein that:
a. triggers phagocytes of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or Europhile
b. Forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis
c. links a pathogen to a RBC so that it is carried to the liver or spleen
d. stimulates basophils to attack a multicultural parasite in the body

5. Exudate refers to:
a. blood that escapes capillaries passes beyond the skin and leaves the body.
b. increased perfussion of capillary beds within the region of an injury
c. lymph that flows away from the heart and toward the site of injury.
d. fluid that leaves capillaries to “wash” the interstitial space of an injured tissue
e. clotting proteins that wall off microbes and prevent them from spreading through the bloodstream.

6.Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
a. heat
b.redness
c. loss of function
d. numbness
e. swelling

7. Sustained fevers that are 1’C above normal core body temperature usually lead to irreversible brain damage:
a. True
b. False
c. Not sure

8. Antigens are:
a. something made by a WBC to destroy a pathogen
b. something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to
c. disorders involving overactive immune systems
d. membrane receptors on B lymphocytes

9. Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenic?
a. One that has small simple, familiar, and abundant
b. One that was small but complex and rare
c. One that was large complex, foreign and abundant
d. One that was large but simple and familiar

10. Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by:
a. raising the body’s sensitivity to a wide variety of chemicals such as penicillin
b. cutting plasma protein antibodies in half
c. preventing effective immune responses by blocking release of bradykinin
d. combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.

11. Helper T lymphocytes are also known as:
a. catatonic T- lymphocytes
b. CD8 cells
c. CD4 cells
d. T8 cells
e. memory T-lymphocytes

12. Antigen presenting cells are ______, and they display antigens to both  _______ and _________.
a. immune cells, B-lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes
b. immune cells, helper T-lymphocytes, cytatoxic T lymphocytes
c. any nucleated cell, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
d.  any blood cell, helper B lymphocytes, cytotoxic B lymphocytes

13. MHC class 1 molecules on a cell allow it to interact with:
a. natural killer cells
b. catatonic T lymphocytes
c. helper T- lymphocytes

14. Activation of lymphocytes occurs in:
a. primary lymphatic structures
b. secondary lymphatic structures
c. Tertiary lymphatic structures
d. effectors such as muscles & glands

15. When they leave the red marrow, pre T lymphocytes have:
a. only the CD4 protein
b. only the CD8 protein
c. both the CD4 and CD8 protein
d. neither the CD4 nor CD8 protein
e. either the CD4 or CD8 protein

16. If T lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, one might predict that the persons immune system would:
a. cause autoimmune disorders
b. exhibit very delayed activity
c. be unable to recognize a particular class of pathogen
d. exhibit more negative membrane potentials

17. The first stimulation of helper T lymphocyte activation involves:
a. BCA of the helper T cell binding with free antigen and engulfing it.
b. CD8 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class III of the antigen presenting cell
c. CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class I part of the antigen fragment
d. CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen presenting cell

18. The second stimulation of cytotoxicT lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T lymphocytes:
a. true b. false c. not sure

19. The second stimulation of a B lymphocyte involves stimulation by:
a. II-2 released by catatonic T lymphocytes
b. If-4 released by helper T lymphocytes
c. bradykinin released by antigen presenting cells
d. antibodies released by antigens

20. The interstitial fluid plus any plasma proteins that escaped from the bloodstream are carried back to the blood via:
a. Blood capillaries
b. lymph nodes
c. lymphatic vessels
d. lymphatic organs