1. What are the parents' genotypes for the gene responsible for CNM?

A) pp and pp

B) Pp and Pp

C) PP and PP

D) PP and Pp

2. Which of the following best describes the mother's genotype?

A) Homozygous recessive

B) Heterozygous

C) Homozygous dominant

D) Heterozygous and Homozygous dominant

3. In biological systems most of the original energy from the sun is lost as?

A) Light

B) Kinetic energy of motion

C) Heat

D) Potential chemical energy

4. All of the following are common or recurrent themes in biology except?

A) Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce

B) Function determines structure

C) Matter is recycled while energy flows through living systems

D) Living organisms maintain homeostasis

E) Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptive diversity of life

5. In the following chemical reaction, what is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?

Organic molecule + 6O₂ ? 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

A) independent variable

B) product

C) substrate

D) enzyme

6. Which of the following is true regarding chemical bonds?

a) Chemical bonds are an unbreakable union of two atoms

b) Chemical bonds are an energetic interaction, or relationship, that occurs between two atoms

c) Chemical bonds are a physical linkage of two atoms

d) Chemical bonds are the result of energy emitted by radioactive atoms

7. The genome of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is composed of 19% guanine. Which of the following must also be true of its double stranded genome? 

A) 19% cytosine

B) 62% adenine

C) 31% thymine

D) 19% uracil

8. You observe the following outside your window: A chipmunk is munching away on a bean plant in your garden when a black rat snake grabs and eats the chipmunk. What is the chipmunk in this situation?

A) predator

B) primary consumer

C) prey

D) secondary consumer

E) both B and C

9. The template strand of DNA contains the nucleotide base sequence ATGCCA. The nucleotide sequence of the transcribed mRNA strand would be _______________.

(a) ATGCCA

(b) ACCGTA

(c) UACGGU

(d) TACGGT

(e) ATCCCT

10. The addition of the green fluorescent protein gene from a jellyfish to the genome of the zebra fish in order to produce a fluorescent green colored fish is an example of what?

a) genetic engineering

b) genetic drift

c) evolution

d) selective breeding

11. Cellular respiration occurs in which types of cells?

a. Bacterial

b. Animal

c. Plant

d. Protist

e. All of the above

12.  Dr. Kitty Hauke is studying lobsters in Maine. She noticed that over several years the average length of pincers had increased within this population. She hypothesized that having larger pincers provided a fitness advantage. To test her hypothesis, she introduced 75 large pincer lobsters and 75 small pincer lobsters into an isolated bay area that was similar to the lobsters' natural sea environment. Over 10 years, Dr. Hauke observed this isolated population of lobsters. What would she likely observe if her hypothesis was incorrect?

A) The percent of lobsters with large pincers would decrease.

B) There were fewer small pincer lobsters mating during mating season.

C) More large pincer lobsters could be found mating during mating season.

D) The percent of lobsters with large pincers would increase.

13. Microevolution is to population as macroevolution is to __________.  

A) Individuals

B) Communities

C) Biodiversity

D) Species

14. Active transport requires energy in order to move molecules ____________ the concentration gradient while simple and facilitated diffusion require no energy to move molecules __________ the concentration gradient.

A) Along ; against

B) Along ; along

C) Against ; along

D) Against ; against

15. Limiting factors:

A) Can be unpredictable natural events

B) Can be both biotic and abiotic

C) Can lead to unlimited population growth

D) A and B

E) A and C

F) B and C

G) All of the above

16. Cell is to ________ as gene is to heredity.

A) Organism

B) Organelle

C) Life

D) Biology

17. Allopatric speciation involves geography but _________________ speciation involves genetic change.

A) Sympatric

B) Parapatric

C) De novo

D) Peripatric

18. A common theme in biology is that energy flows through biological systems while matter __________.

A) Flows

B) Cycles

C) Multiplies

D) Stagnates

19. You have discovered a new substance that you suspect may be a living organism. All of the following are characteristics this substance would need in order to be classified as living EXCEPT:

A) Be made of organic molecules

B) Evolve

C) Grow, develop and reproduce with the help of DNA

D) Not contain carbon atoms

E) Use energy and raw materials to survive

20. The following is a picture of a Tomato Hornworm, which is the caterpillar stage of the five-spotted hawkmoth (Manduca quinquemaculata). The white objects protruding from the caterpillar are wasp eggs. The wasps lay their eggs on the horn worms so that when the larvae hatch they can feed on the worm. 

Which term best describes the relationship between the wasps and the Tomato hornworms?

A) Mutualism

B) Competition

C) Predation

D) Symbiosis

***Use the following to answer questions 21-24 below. ***

Consider the following hypothetical metabolic pathway (each letter after the word "Molecule" represents a group of atoms):

21. What is the reactant for this pathway?

A) Molecule C

B) Molecule COO

C) Molecule COOL

D) Enzyme 1

22. What is the intermediate for this pathway?

A) Molecule C

B) Molecule COO

C) Molecule COOL

D) Enzyme 1

23. Which of the following best describes this metabolic pathway?

A) The pathway is anabolic

B) The pathway is catabolic

24. All of the following would allow for more of the product of this metabolic pathway to be produced, EXCEPT?

A) Increasing the amount of Enzyme 2

B) Increasing the amount of Molecule C

C) Adding an activator for Enzyme 1

D) Adding an inhibitor for Enzyme 1

E) Removing an inhibitor of Enzyme 2

25. In Central Dogma: DNA is ________________ into RNA, and RNA is ______________ into proteins.

A) Translated ; transcribed

B) Replicated ; translated

C) Transcribed ; translated

D) Replicated ; transcribed

26. What is the genotype for the individual labeled "1" in the pedigree below? (Black circles or squares represent individuals born with a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis)

A) AA

B) Aa

C) aa

D) Either AA or Aa

27. Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

A) A diamondback rattlesnake with a color pattern that allows it to blend in better with the desert sand.

B) A farmer cross pollinating two zucchini plants.

C) Male blue-footed boobies dancing to show off their bright blue feet to female blue-footed boobies.

D) A scientist inserting an Escherichia coli gene into the genome of Staphylococcus aureus.

28. Consider a rabbit, which of the following is true regarding its DNA?

A) All of its cells contain the same DNA.

B) Each cell type contains its own unique DNA.

C) Rabbit brain cells and kidney cells express the same DNA genes.

D) Rabbit DNA uses a different molecular backbone than mouse DNA.

29. Which of the following is the correct order of ecological organizational levels starting from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and least inclusive?

A) Population > biosphere > community > individual > ecosystem

B) Community > individual > population > biosphere > ecosystem

C) Biosphere > ecosystem > community > population > individual

D) Individual > population > ecosystem > community >biosphere

30. You are studying passive diffusion of a molecule called FLUBBER across a semipermeable membrane, which is mimicking the phospholipid bilayer of eukaryotic cells. FLUBBER moves from side A to B. Which of the following can you conclude?

A) Side A had a lower FLUBBER concentration initially compared to side B.

B) Side A had a higher FLUBBER concentration initially compared to side B.

C) Side A had the same initial FLUBBER concentration as side B.