1. The most common symptom associated with kidney stones is:
a. urinary tract infection.
b. severe pain.
c. acute renal failure.
d. gout.

2. An example of a health factor associated with insulin resistance is:
a. neuropathy.
b. impaired liver function.
c. impaired kidney function.
d. hyperlipidemia.

3. The main function of the loop of Henle is:
a. maintenance of acid-base balance.
b. filtering the blood.
c. maintaining osmotic pressure.
d. concentration of urine.

4. Development of type 2 diabetes is closely linked to:
a. young age at onset.
b. being underweight.
c. physical inactivity.
d. high sugar intake.

5. Initial nutrition assessment of a client who has AIDS should include:
a. lifestyle habits that led to his or her infection.
b. review of whether the client should receive ART.
c. diet evaluation only.
d. dietary intake, clinical assessment, and biochemical indexes.

6. The basic goal of nutrition counseling for clients who are HIV positive is:
a. adjusting unusual food patterns to become more normal.
b. promoting optimal nutritional status and quality of life.
c. providing megadoses of immune-enhancing vitamins and minerals.
d. encouraging them to eat according to their appetite.

7. If someone with type 1 diabetes starts drinking alcoholic beverages an hour before a meal, they are likely to experience:
a. ketoacidosis.
b. polyuria.
c. hyperglycemia.
d. hypoglycemia.

8. The dose of insulin required for a meal is usually about 1 unit of insulin per:
a. 5 g carbohydrate.
b. 10 g carbohydrate.
c. 15 g carbohydrate.
d. 20 g carbohydrate.

9. The science that examines environmental control of gene expression is:
a. epigenetics.
b. chromatography.
c. environmental genetics.
d. oncogenetics.

10. The delta cells of the pancreas synthesize:
a. glucagon.
b. insulin.
c. somatostatin.
d. epinephrine.

11. The surgical approach to treatment of cancer is used primarily to:
a. alleviate symptoms.
b. remove operable tumors.
c. retard rapid tumor growth.
d. remove multiple tumors only.

12. Clients who develop stomatitis or mucositis are most likely to tolerate foods that are:
a. spicy.
b. liquid or pureed.
c. warm or hot.
d. dry or crunchy.

13. One way that people with impaired glucose tolerance can prevent development of type 2 diabetes is to:
a. eat less sugar.
b. eat less fat.
c. lose weight.
d. avoid alcohol.

14. An important characteristic of the nutrition care plan for clients who have AIDS is:
a. use of the same basic plan for all clients.
b. maintaining a consistent, unchanging plan throughout the course of the disease.
c. basing the plan primarily on clinical observations.
d. use of an individualized plan and adjusting it as needed.

15. A major focus of the dietary prescription for people who have type 2 diabetes is to:
a. eat more fruit and vegetables.
b. avoid foods that contain sugar.
c. avoid snacks between meals.
d. lose weight.

16. The recommended protein intake for an asymptomatic patient infected with HIV/AIDS who weighs 80 kg would be approximately:
a. 48 g/day.
b. 64 g/day.
c. 96 g/day.
d. 160 g/day.

17. The hormone that regulates blood glucose level by inhibiting interactions of insulin and glucagon is:
a. thyroxine.
b. epinephrine.
c. somatostatin.
d. growth hormone.

18. The second most common type of kidney stone is composed of:
a. struvite.
b. uric acid.
c. cystine.
d. manganese.

19. To counteract the hypermetabolic state of cancer, it is most important for clients to increase their intake of:
a. fats.
b. protein.
c. carbohydrates.
d. vitamins and minerals.

20. Clients with type 1 diabetes can achieve more consistent blood glucose control using:
a. intensive insulin therapy.
b. oral antidiabetic drugs.
c. urine testing.
d. glycated hemoglobin testing.

21. The four steps of cancer development are:
a. stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
b. initiation, promotion, development, and progression.
c. invasion, transport, escape, and adaptation.
d. trigger, growth, proliferation, and metastasis.

22. The best description of sarcoma is cancer that begins in:
a. blood-forming tissue.
b. the immune system.
c. the central nervous system.
d. connective tissue.

23. The main function of the distal tubule of the nephron is:
a. maintenance of acid-base balance.
b. exchange of water and sodium.
c. reabsorption of water.
d. resorption of nutrients.

24. Patients who have lost muscle mass may benefit from:
a. resistance weight training.
b. supplemental iron and zinc.
c. amino acid supplements.
d. psychosocial support.

25. The primary goal of nutrition care for clients who have cancer is:
a. maintaining nutritional status.
b. keeping the client comfortable.
c. preventing further tumor growth.
d. reducing intake of nutrients that nourish the tumor.