1. The chemical released from virus infected cells is ________________________.

2. Which factor would facilitate the release of oxygen from Hemoglobin at the level of the tissues?

a. Decreased Hydrogen ion concentration

b. Increased metabolic rate

c. Decreased metabolic rate

d. Decreased Carbon Dioxide concentration

e. Answers A and B

3. In questions, a person's lung values are: 

Vital Capacity                                     4 Liters

Tidal Volume                                      500 ml

Expiratory Reserve                          1100 ml

Residual Volume                              1200 ml

The person's inspiratory reserve is:

a. 1400 ml

b. 2400 ml

c. 3400 ml

d. 4400 ml

4. Please write the equation for the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells, Starting with metabolically active tissues and finishing in the lungs.

5. Please circle the correct answers with regards to changes in the cardiac cycle during Rapid Ejection.

a. Aortic pressure is:                      

INCREASING                      DECREASING      NO CHANGE

b. The tricuspid valve is:               

OPEN                                    CLOSED                                NO CHANGE

6. The _______________________ Reflex, from stretch receptors, protects the lungs from over inflating.

7. Hemoglobin would bind with all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Oxygen

b. Hydrogen

c. Carbon Monoxide

d. Einstein

e. Answers A and B

8.  Acetylcholine will have what effect on:

a. Arteriolar resistance - (Increase)          (Decrease)          (No Change)

b. Heart Rate - (Increase)             (Decrease)          (No Change)

c. End Diastolic Volume -  (Increase)        (Decrease)          (No Change)

9. All of the following are somehow affected by the action of the diaphragm. Please circle the correct statement listed in each question below.

a. The relaxation of the diaphragm is associated with what change in lung volume?

NO CHANGE                                       INCREASE                            DECREASE

b. The Phrenic nerve neurotransmitter is:

ACETYLCHOLINE                               NICOTINE                            NOEPINEPHRINE

c. The following pressure changes in the lungs occur due to contraction of the diaphragm

NO CHANGE                                       INCREASE                            DECREASE

10. Pulmonary surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolar sacs?

a. Type I

b. Type II

c. Type III

11. According to LaPlace's Law, wall tension __________ as the radius of a spherical structure increases.

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Does not change

12. The semilunar valves open during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

a. Isovolumetric relaxation

b. Rapid ejection

c. Rapid filling

d. Passive filling

13. The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is________.

a. Atmospheric Pressure

b. Muscular contraction of the Diaphragm

c. Surface tension in the lungs

d. All of the above

14. The ____________________ nerve transmits taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. a. Vagus

b. Facial

c. Sympathetic

d. Glossopharyngeal

15. Gastrin is secreted from which of these cells?

a. Chief

b. Parietal

c. Zymogen

d. G-cells  

16. The hormone _______________is released from the duodenum, causing gallbladder contraction.

True-False

17. The majority of water reabsorption occurs in the stomach.                                   (T)          (F)

18. The presence of food in the oral cavity RAISES the pH in the stomach                               (T)          (F)

19. The rate of renal clearance for drug Z is greater than the calculated glomerular filtration rate. This suggests that:

a. The nephron is highly permeable to this drug

b. Drug Z reabsorption rate is greater than filtration rate

c. Drug Z is being secreted into the renal tubules

 d. Drug Z has a high reabsorption rate. 

20. The cells of the liver are referred to as:

a. Hepatocytes

b. Lobules

c. Portal

d. Liver

21.  Bile is synthesized in the:

a. Pancreas

b. Liver

c. Gallbladder

d. Duodenum

22. The ____________________is a common pathway for both the respiratory and digestive systems.

22.  Chief cells release:

a. Hydrogen ions

b. Pepsinogen

c. GIP

d. Gastrin

23. An abnormal increase in filtrate osmolarity entering the descending loop of Henle may result in:

a. Decreased urine output

b. Increased urine output

c. No change in urine output

24.  The ________ arteriole gives rise to the peritubular capillary.           

a. Glomerulus

b. Afferent

c. Efferent

25. The majority of water in the body is located in:

a. Plasma

b. Intracellular space

c. Extracellular space

d. Interstitial space

26. Glucose is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubules by which transport mechanism?

a. Carrier Mediated

b. Simple Diffusion

c. Osmosis

d. Active Transport

27. Angiotensin II has what effect on blood pressure?

a. It raises TPR

b. It lowers TPR

c. It has no impact on TPR

d. A and C are correct answers

e. B and D are correct answers

28. Most fluids and food particles are absorbed in the:

a. Liver

b. Stomach

c. Large Intestines

d. Small Intestines

29. An increase in blood CO2 levels would cause:

a. Metabolic acidosis

b. Metabolic alkalosis

c. Respiratory acidosis

d. Respiratory alkalosis