1. Sugar alcohols are likely to be found in:
a. fermented foods.
b. low-calorie foods.
c. fruits and vegetables.
d. fiber supplements.

2. An example of a meal or snack that contains complementary proteins is:
a. an egg and cheese omelet.
b. a peanut butter sandwich.
c. trail mix with nuts and raisins.
d. mixed bean salad with green beans, kidney beans, and white beans.

3. The second most common type of malnutrition worldwide is:
a. iron deficiency anemia.
b. protein-energy malnutrition.
c. osteoporosis.
d. vitamin A deficiency.

4. A type of exercise that is considered to be aerobic for amateur athletes is:
a. gardening.
b. golf.
c. tennis.
d. bicycling.

5. Home-canned foods should be boiled for 10 minutes before eating to help prevent:
a. shigellosis.
b. staphylococcal food poisoning.
c. salmonellosis.
d. botulism.

6. Potent environmental carcinogens include:
a. household cleaning chemicals.
b. ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
c. highly processed foods.
d. chemicals in plastic food containers.

7. The fetal origins hypothesis supports the idea that nutrition during gestation may affect:
a. the birth weight of the baby.
b. the risk of chronic disease in adulthood.
c. the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
d. cognitive development in the infant.

8. The kidney structure that is responsible for filtering the blood is the:
a. loop of Henle.
b. proximal tubule.
c. distal tubule.
d. glomerulus.

9. Older adults have lower energy requirements than younger adults because they have:
a. decreased interest in food.
b. fewer family demands.
c. reduced physical activity.
d. fewer living companions.

10. A characteristic clinical symptom of gallbladder inflammation or gallstones is:
a. pain after eating.
b. jaundice.
c. anorexia.
d. weakness and apathy.

11. A severe tyramine reaction may cause a crisis due to:
a. hyperglycemia.
b. hypoglycemia.
c. hypertension.
d. hypotension.

12. A nutrient that delays gastric emptying time, thereby creating more optimal saturation rates for drug absorption is:
a. fat.
b. carbohydrate.
c. vitamins.
d. protein.

13. One effect of impaired blood circulation through the liver caused by fibrous tissue is the development of:
a. hepatitis.
b. vomiting.
c. cholecystitis.
d. portal hypertension.

14. A factor that influences the protein needs of older adults is:
a. health status.
b. cost of protein foods.
c. fat intake.
d. specific age of the person.

15. One way in which oral hypoglycemic drugs act to lower elevated blood glucose levels is by:
a. reducing peripheral uptake of glucose.
b. preventing the release of glucose from dietary carbohydrates.
c. stimulating hepatic glucose output.
d. stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin.

16. It is important that energy needs in pregnancy are met so that:
a. maternal vitamin stores are spared.
b. optimal fetal growth is ensured.
c. adipose tissue stores are spared.
d. adequate blood volume is provided.

17. Cancer generally begins with disruptions in:
a. DNA replication.
b. nutritional status.
c. RNA transcription.
d. cell metabolism.

18. Three key concepts included in the total diet approach to improving nutrient intake are:
a. protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
b. input, output, and homeostasis.
c. freshness, safety, and portion sizes.
d. balance, variety, and moderation.

19. Foods and drugs used to enhance athletic performance are known as:
a. aerobic aids.
b. ergogenic aids.
c. megadose supplements.
d. stimulants.

20. A major benefit of fluoride is:
a. providing structural support to cells.
b. preventing anemia.
c. preventing dental caries.
d. slowing the aging process.

21. Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:
a. enterokinase.
b. hydrochloric acid.
c. gastric lipase.
d. pancreatic lipase.

22. In the colon, resistant starch is digested by:
a. bacterial fermentation.
b. pancreatic amylase.
c. hydrochloric acid.
d. villi and microvilli.

23. A food choice equivalent to one serving from the Protein group of MyPlate is:
a. 1 Tbsp peanut butter.
b. 3 oz fish.
c. 2 oz cheese.
d. ½ cup cooked dry beans or peas.

24. Synthesis of protein is governed by:
a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the cell nucleus.
b. daily variations in protein intake.
c. blood glucose levels.
d. metabolism in the liver.

25. The effect of trans fatty acids on blood cholesterol is similar to that of:
a. cis fatty acids.
b. saturated fatty acids.
c. monounsaturated fatty acids.
d. polyunsaturated fatty acids.

26. Physiologic functions of potassium include:
a. acid-base balance.
b. regulation of insulin production.
c. monitoring sodium excretion.
d. formation of hemoglobin.

27. Aerobic capacity is the greatest in a person with:
a. a greater proportion of lean body mass to fat.
b. a greater proportion of fat to lean body mass.
c. a greater proportion of essential to storage depot fat.
d. a greater proportion of storage depot to essential fat.

28. Important functions of food additives include:
a. increasing the energy content of foods.
b. removal of toxic substances from food.
c. improving uniformity of food qualities.
d. creating new food habits.

29. Patients who undergo pancreatectomy are likely to develop:
a. cholelithiasis.
b. cirrhosis of the liver.
c. type 1 diabetes mellitus.
d. type 2 diabetes mellitus.

30. A special therapeutic diet may be modified in:
a. consistency and tolerance.
b. frequency and portion size.
c. seasonings, nutrient density, and/or fluids.
d. nutrients, energy, and/or texture.

31. Preschool children often prefer foods that are:
a. cold.
b. lukewarm.
c. dry.
d. liquid.

32. Drugs that can depress appetite include:
a. anticoagulants.
b. antihistamines.
c. antibiotics.
d. alcohol.

33. Subjective global assessment relies on information from:
a. history and physical examination.
b. biochemical and anthropometric data.
c. the patient's own assessment of his or her condition.
d. the health care team's collective opinions.

34. Diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed using:
a. x-ray examination.
b. intestinal biopsy.
c. skin testing.
d. blood tests for antibodies.

35. Entitlement programs include:
a. the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
b. the Nutrition Program for the Elderly (NPE).
c. the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Assistance Program.
d. the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).

36. Risk of being overweight is inversely related to intakes of:
a. potassium.
b. iron.
c. calcium.
d. sodium.

37. The chemical compound that provides energy for body functions in the cell is:
a. glucose.
b. triglyceride.
c. adenosine triphosphate.
d. thyroid-stimulating hormone.

38. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning was originally intended as a meal-planning tool for people who have:
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. hypertension.
d. heart disease.

39. The hormone that breaks down liver glycogen to glucose during fasting or sleep is:
a. thyroxine.
b. glucagon.
c. cortisone.
d. insulin.

40. Body systems that may be affected by a thiamin deficiency are:
a. respiratory and urinary.
b. nervous and gastrointestinal.
c. lymphatic and endocrine.
d. epithelial and mucosal.

41. Important ways to counteract food misinformation include:
a. staying current and thinking scientifically.
b. recognizing that people can make their own choices.
c. consulting an expert about general nutrition.
d. keeping up with the latest food products on the market.

42. The percentage of unexplained weight loss during l month that warrants further investigation is:
a. 1%.
b. 2%.
c. 5%.
d. 10%.

43. Fat intake in patients who have experienced burns or multiple trauma should be:
a. 5% to 10% of total kilocalories (kcalories or kcal).
b. 12% to 15% of total kilocalories (kcalories or kcal).
c. 15% to 18% of total kilocalories (kcalories or kcal).
d. 20% to 30% of total kilocalories (kcalories or kcal).

44. An example of a policy change that would modify the environment to decrease calorie intakes is:
a. making bottled water available to employees.
b. allowing people in the community to use school athletic facilities.
c. removing a vending machine filled with soft drinks from a school cafeteria.
d. offering reduced health insurance premiums for people who exercise regularly.

45. Metabolically active tissues in the body include the heart, brain, and:
a. skin.
b. esophagus.
c. spleen.
d. kidney.

46. A major focus of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines is:
a. generally healthy segments of the population.
b. the unhealthy American public.
c. vulnerable population segments.
d. ethnically diverse eating styles.

47. Metabolic and hormonal responses are triggered to restore blood glucose to normal when blood glucose level decreases to:
a. 70 mg/dL.
b. 85 mg/dL.
c. 90 mg/dL.
d. 100 mg/dL.

48. Measurement of body fat and lean body mass using hydrostatic weighing is based on the fact that body fat and lean tissue have different:
a. densities.
b. electrical conductivities.
c. metabolic activities.
d. protein contents.

49. In counseling overweight clients, clinical dietitians should begin with:
a. a diet plan.
b. gathering information about dietary habits.
c. information about health risks associated with overweight.
d. plans for long-term follow-up.

50. The first step in the Nutrition Care Process is nutrition:
a. monitoring and evaluation.
b. intervention.
c. diagnosis.
d. assessment.