1) Present the major categories of drugs known to affect hormonal balance.

2) Briefly describe the difference between ovarian and androgenic steroids.

3) Compare the mechanism of action of hypothalamic hormones to pituitary hormones. What is a role of somatostatin?

4) Briefly present the differences in pharmacokinetics of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, and also their analogs. Give some examples of hormones that can be used PO, parenteral or intranasal.

5) Briefly present the comparison of therapeutic effects of adrenocorticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

6) Briefly present the most beneficial effects of glucocorticoids.

7) Explain why long term use of glucocorticoids can lead to suppression of the Hypothalamo- Pituitary axis (HPA).

8) Briefly present the most significant combined effects of progesterone and estrogen. How this can be used in design and development of contraceptives?

9) Briefly present the differences in pharmacokinetics of estrogens and progestins. Give some examples of rapidly or slow absorbed drugs.

10) What are current strategies used for the fertility control? What is your opinion about emergency contraception?

11) What are current strategies regarding hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women?

12) Briefly present the benefits of clinical use and differences in pharmacokinetics of androgens. Give some examples of androgens that can be used PO or IM.

13 ) Briefly present the comparison of therapeutic effects of thyroid and antithyroid drugs. What is a role of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

14) What is a significance of daily intake of iodine? How is it important for thyroid hormones synthesis?

15) Compare the mechanism of action of thyroid and antithyroid drugs.

16) Compare the mechanism of action of insulin and glucagon. What is a role of incretins?

17) Which ones are the most commonly used agents that promote insulin release. What type of diabetes can they be used for treatment?

18) Briefly present the differences in pharmacokinetics of insulin preparations: rapid acting, short-acting and longer-acting. Give some examples of most commonly used agents for diabetes mellitus treatment.

19) Briefly describe the most significant actions of insulin. How insulin affects lipid and protein metabolism?

20) Briefly present the clinical significance of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. How does it affect bone metabolism and bone remodeling?

21) Compare the mechanism of action of Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. How calcitonin acts on calcium balance by affecting parafollicular cells?

22) What are clinical benefits of biphosphonates use?

23) Briefly present the clinical benefit and differences in pharmacokinetics of antisecretory drugs, antacids, mucosal protectants and prostaglandins.

24) Briefly present the most common clinical problems related to the use of antacids, H2 receptor antagonists laxatives and PPIs.