1) List the different types of microscopy. Based on a figure in Chapter 6 be able to determine if the given image is taken using SEM or TEM.

2) Explain the endosymbiotic theory.

3) Compare and contrast structures in plant as against animal cells

4) Explain Structures and function of each of the following: nucleus, Plasma membrane, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Glyoxysomes.

5) Compare functions of smooth and rough ER.

6) Name the different types of vacuoles along with their respective functions in cells.

7) Compare and contrast structure and function of chloroplast and mitochondria

8) Explain roles of peroxisomes in cells.

9) List the components of ECM present in animal cells. How did these proteins end up there on synthesis inside cells?

10) Draw out the cell wall of plant cells and label the primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

11) Predict-given the function of a specialized cell-the relative abundance and distribution of its various organelles.

12) Differentiate the structures and functions of various cytoskeletal elements. Know details like - types of proteins present in each, functions of each.

13) Give examples of motor proteins and explain which cytoskeletal elements they assist in accomplishing movement.

14) Compare junctions present between animal cells and between plant cells. Which junction between animal cells is most like the one in plant cells?

15) Review immune cells and understand how structures of these cells correlate with their function in establishing specific immunity.

16) Describe and interpret experiments that demonstrated DNA is the genetic material of cells and viruses - Griffith, Avery, McCleod and McCarty, Hershey and Chase.

17) Predict the orientation and sequence of complementary strand based on nucleotide sequence

18) Describe the three proposed models of DNA replication.

19) Describe and interpret results from Messelson-Stahl experiment that showed DNA replication was semiconservative.

20) What is ORI sequence?

21) Name and describe the functions of enzymes/proteins in DNA replication

22) What are some unique traits of DNA polymerases - need a primer, can make DNA only in one direction.

23) Explain how replication differs in leading and lagging strands

24) Be able to label a replication bubble with ori, replication forks, leading, lagging strands etc

25) Be able to draw leading strands, Okazaki fragments in a given replication bubble and label all 5' and 3' ends.

26) What is PCR? How is it different from the process of replication that occurs in cells?

27) List the products of gene expression.

28) Starting with a DNA sequence, predict the directionality of transcription and the sequence of the RNA produced.

29) What is the product of transcription in Prokaryotes as against in Eukaryotes?

30) What is the location of transcription/translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

31) What is a promoter? What enzyme binds the promoter?

32) How does transcription initiate in Eukaryotes?

33) On a given dsDNA label upstream and downstream sequences based on information provided.

34) Based on a given dsDNA sequence and location of a promoter, be able to determine which of the two strands is the template strand.

35) State differences between replication and transcription at initiation in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes.

36) Describe the chemical components of and steps in the process of transcription.

37) Explain the proposed functions of pre-mRNA modifications.

38) Explain why one gene can code for more than one polypeptide.

39) Explain the roles of Spliceosome in RNA splicing. What are introns and exons?

40) Explain the functions of RNA polymerase I, II and III in Eukaryotes. 1

41) What is the function of the sequence AAUAAA? What is the role of polyA polymerase?

42) Explain the characteristics of the genetic code.

43) Be able to translate a given mRNA using the genetic code table provided.

44) What is the direction of synthesis of a polypeptide?

45) Describe the chemical components of and steps in the process of translation.

46) What ribosomes are present in Eukaryotes as against Prokaryotes?

47) How is the process of initiation of translation different in Prokaryotes as against Eukaryotes?

48) What are the components of a translation initiation complex in Prokaryotes as against Eukaryotes?

49) Explain the process of elongation with reference to the EPA sites on the ribosomes.

50) Name and describe the most common types of posttranslational modifications.

51) Where is energy used in translation?

52) Refer chapter 5 in order to differentiate between RNA and DNA

53) Give examples of the different types of point mutations.

54) Determine whether or not a point mutation will result in a different amino acid sequence (Silent, missense, nonsense mutations)

55) Explain frameshift mutations.

56) Predict the effect of a mutation on overall protein function.

57) Explain the processes of proofreading and nucleotide excision repair and list the enzymes used in these processes.

58) Review cell structures - ribosomes, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Chloroplast.

59) What is the destination of proteins whose synthesis is completed on free ribosomes?

60) What is the destination of proteins whose synthesis starts on free ribosomes and continues on bound ribosomes?

61) What protein modifications occur in ER and Golgi?

62) Understand that all protein synthesis begins at the ribosome, but certain proteins are sorted and directed to target organelles or secreted from the cell. In this context explain the Signal hypothesis with reference to proteins synthesized on bound ribosomes, binding to SRP, entering ER etc. Explain the role of signal peptidase.

63) Understand the sorting of newly translated proteins, and specifically trace the passage of proteins through the secretion pathway